Skin and Body Membranes Anaphy and Physiology

Analhy

1. Skin and Body
Membranes

2. Anne Margareth’s hair supposedly turned
white overnight after she heard she would
be sent to the guillotine. Explain why you
believe or disbelieve this story.

3. Body Membranes
cover surfaces, line body cavities, and form
protective (and often lubricating) sheets
around organs.
2 Major Classifications
1. Epithelial Membranes
-consist of an epithelial layer and an underlying
layer of connective tissue.
2. Connective tissue Membranes
- made entirely of connective tissue

4. Mucous Membranes:
➢Line body cavities that open to the exterior, like the digestive,
respiratory, and reproductive tracts
➢ Produce mucus to protect and lubricate these passages.
Serous Membranes:
➢line internal body cavities that do not open to the outside and
cover organs within them.
➢secrete serous fluid to reduce friction between organs and
body walls.
Cutaneous Membrane:
➢This is the skin.It's a thick, waterproof membrane that
protects the body

5. Mucous Membranes:
➢Line body cavities that open to the exterior, like the digestive, respiratory, and
reproductive tracts
➢Protection, moisture and lubrication, absorption, immune defense, transport and
movement
➢ Produce mucus to protect and lubricate these passages.

6. Serous Membranes:
➢line internal body cavities that do not open to the outside and
cover organs within them.
➢secrete serous fluid to reduce friction between organs and
body walls.

7. Cutaneous Membrane:
➢This is the skin.It's a thick, waterproof membrane that
protects the body
➢Its superficial epidermis is composed of a keratinizing
stratified squamous epithelium.

8. Connective Tissue Membranes
Synovial Membranes:
➢These are found in movable joints, such as the shoulder,
elbow, and knee. They secrete synovial fluid, which
lubricates the joints and allows for smooth, pain-free
movement.

9. - consists of the skin and accessory structures, such as hair, glands, and nails.
Integumentary System
The appearance of the integumentary system can indicate physiological imbalances in the body.

11. Structure of the S K I N
Blister
epidermis separates from the dermis
due to friction or a burn, causing
interstitial fluid to accumulate in the
space between these layers.
Epidermis and dermis are
firmly connected.

12. Epidermis
•composed of up to five layers
or strata
•avascular
•keratinocytes - produce
keratin that makes the
epidermis a tough protective
layer.
•Layers of the Epidermis:
1.Stratum basale/ Stratum
germinativum
2.Stratum spinosum
3.Stratum granulosum
4.Stratum lucidum
5.Stratum corneum

13. 1.Stratum basale/ Stratum germinativum- deepest
layer and constantly dividing
2. Stratum spinosum - thick bundles of inter-
mediate filaments
3. Stratum granulosum - cells are flattened and
keratinized
4. Stratum lucidum - occurs only in the hairless and
extra-thick skin
5. Stratum corneum- outermost layer with 20 to 30 cell
layers
-dead cells are filled with keratin called cornified
or horny cells.
•Melanocytes- produced melanin
•Epidermal dendritic cells- activating immune cells
•Merkel cells- touch receptors
Layers of Epidermis
Mole & Freckles

14. Dermis
•dense connective tissues
•two major regions: papillary layer and reticular layers
•contains collagen (toughness) and elastic fibers
(elasticity).
1.Papillary Layer
•upper dermal region
•dermal papillae- indent the epidermis above,
fingerprints
•houses pain receptors and touch receptors
2. Reticular Layer- deepest skin layer
•contains irregularly arranged connective tissue fibers,
blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, and lamellar
corpuscles.
Regions of the dermis.
Wrinkles and
Sagging skin

15. 3 pigments contribute to skin color:
1.Melanin- amount and kind (yellow, reddish brown, or
black)
2.Carotene- amount deposited in stratum corneum
and subcutaneous tissue
3.Oxygen-rich hemoglobin - the amount of pigment
in red blood cells
Example:
1.Brown-tone skin- produces much melanin
2.Light-skinned - less melanin, oxygen-rich
hemoglobin

16. Changes in melanin production can cause pigment
disorders, such as hyperpigmentation (dark spots),
hypopigmentation (light spots), depigmentation (white
spots or patches).
Two key types of melanin:
•Eumelaninis brown and black in color and protects your skin. It
does so by limiting the amount of harmful ultraviolet rays that can
break through and pick up reactive oxygen radicals which—if left
alone—could damage your cells and DNA and potentially lead to
chronic health conditions likecancer
•Pheomelanin, on the other hand, is yellow and red in color. Unlike
eumelanin, pheomelanin provides very little protection from UV rays
and can actuallysupportthe production of reactive oxygen radicals
and the damage they cause.

17. 1.Redness or
Erythema
embarrassment (blushing), fever,
hypertension, inflammation, or allergy.
2. Pallor or Blanching pale due to emotional stress. May also signify
anemia, low blood pressure, or impaired
blood flow into the area.
3. Jaundice or Yellow
Cast
An abnormal yellow skin tone usually
signifies a liver disorder.
4. Bruises or black
-and-blue marks
Blood has escaped from the circulation and
has clotted in the tissue spaces (hematomas),
deficiency of Vitamin C, hemophilia
(bleeder’s disease)
Skin color is also influenced by emotions or certain disease states:

18. Appendages of the Skin
1.Cutaneous Glands
•all are exocrine glands
•two groups: sebaceous glands and sweat
glands
A. Sebaceous (Oil) Glands
•found all over the skin
•ducts empty into the hair follicle
•releases sebum (a mixture of oily substances and
fragmented cells)
Whitehead- sebaceous gland is blocked by sebum
Blackhead- accumulated material oxidizes and dries, it
darkens
Acne- infection of the sebaceous glands accompanied by
pimples on the skin.
Appendages of the Skin
Blackheads, Whiteheads, and Acne

19. B. Sweat (Sudoriferous) Glands
•more than 2.5 million per person
I. Eccrine Glands
•far more numerous and are found all over the body.
•produce sweat, a clear secretion that is primarily water
plus some salts (sodium chloride), vitamin C, traces of
metabolic wastes (ammonia, urea, uric acid), and lactic
acid (a chemical that accumulates during vigorous
muscle activity).
II. Apocrine Glands
•largely confined to the axillary (armpit) and genital
areas of the body.
•Their secretion contains fatty acids and proteins, as well
as all the substances present in eccrine secretion.
Appendages of the
Skin

20. 2. Hair and Hair Follicles
(a) Longitudinal section of a hair within its follicle.
(b) Enlarged longitudinal section of a hair.
A. Hair
•is a flexible epithelial structure
•root- part of the hair enclosed in the follicle
•shaft- part projecting from the surface of the scalp or
skin
•Each hair consists of:
Medulla- a central core
Cortex- bulky layer that surrounds the medulla enclosed
by Cuticle- an outermost layer formed by a single layer
of cells

21. B. Hair Follicles
•compound structures responsible for hair
production
•epidermal sheat- composed of epithelial tissue
and forms the hair.
•dermal sheat- dermal connective tissue. This
dermal region supplies blood vessels to the
epidermal portion
•papilla- provides the blood supply to the matrix in
the hair bulb.
Arrector pili- connect each side of the hair follicle to
the dermal tissue.
(c) Enlarged longitudinal view of the expanded
hair bulb in the follicle showing the matrix, the
region of actively dividing epithelial cells that
produces the hair.

22. Marie Antoinette’s hair supposedly
turned white overnight after she heard
she would be sent to the guillotine.
Explain why you believe or disbelieve this
story.
APPLY IT!

23. 3. Nails
•a thin plate, consisting of layers of dead stratum
corneum cells that contain a very hard type of
keratin.
•Nail Structure :
Free edge : The tip of the nail.
Body : Visible, attached portion of the nail.
Root : Embedded in the skin.

Structure of a
nail.

24. Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin
Estimating the extent of burns
using the rule of nines.
1st degree
2nd degree
3rd degree
Burns
•a tissue damage and cell death caused by intense heat, electricity, ultraviolet radiation, or
certain chemicals which denature proteins and cause cell death in the affected areas.

25. In 3
rd
degree burns, regeneration is not possible, and skin grafting must be done
Skin grafting - a surgical procedure that involves transplanting healthy skin from a donor site to a recipient
site where skin is damaged or missing
Grafts can be sourced from:
the patient (autologous),
a donor (allograft), or an
animal (xenograft)

26. Athletes foot
Cold sores
Boils and carbuncles
Contact dermatitis Impetigo Psoriasis
Infections and Allergies

28. Skin Cancer
single most common type of cancer in
humans.