Skull & brain

Skull & brain ppt

1. Skull, Brain and Cranial Nerves
By- Dr. Armaan SinghBy- Dr. Armaan Singh

2. Skull
Part of Axial Skeleton
Cranial bones = cranium
Enclose and protect brain
Attachment for head + neck muscles
Facial bones =framework of face
Form cavities for sense organs
Opening for air + food passage
Hold teeth
Anchor face muscles

3. Cranial and Facial Bones
Cranial - 8
Frontal
Occipital
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Parietal (2)
Temporal (2)
Facial – 14
Mandible
Maxilla (2)
Zygomatic (2)
Nasal (2)
Lacrimal (2)
Palatine (2)
Vomer
Inf. Nasal Conchae(2)

4. Bones of Skull
Flat bones: thin, flattened, some curve
Sutures: immovable joints joining bones
Calvaria = Skullcap =Vault
Superior, Lateral, Posterior part of skull
Floor = Base
Inferior part of skull
85 openings in skull
Spinal cord, blood vessels, nerves
Foramina, meatus, canal, fissure, notch

5. Cranial Fossae
Created by bony ridges
Supports, encircles brain
3 Fossae
Anterior
Middle
Posterior
All the bones visible from this view are the
cranial bones!!

6. Other Cavities of Skull
Orbits
Nasal Cavity
Middle Ear
Inner Ear
No.
904
No.
813

7. Skull through Life
Ossifies late in 2
nd
month of development
Frontal + Mandible start as 2 halves-then fuse
Growth of Skull
½ adult size by age 9 months
¾ adult size by 2 years
100% adult size by 8-9 years
Face enlarges between ages 6-13 years

8. Fetal Skull
Skull bones separated by unossified membranes =
Fontanels
Allow compression of skull during delivery
Allows rapid growth of brain
Mostly replaced w/bone after 1
st
year
www.aafp.org

9. The Brain
4 Parts
Cerebrum
*Diencephalon
Brain Stem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Cerebellum
Gray matter surrounded by White matter w/outer cortex of
gray matter
*some texts consider this part of brain stem

10. Meninges: 3 membranes around
brain and spinal cord
Made of Connective tissue
Functions
Cover, Protect CNS
Enclose, protect blood vessels supplying CNS
Contain CSF
3 Layers
Dura Mater (external)
Arachnoid Mater (middle)
Pia Mater (internal)

11. Meninges (continued)
Dura mater
Strongest, 2 Layers, Fibrous Connective Tissue
Periosteal layer (Periosteum): External/superficial layer
Meningeal layer: Internal/deep layer
Layers fused except around dural sinuses (venous
blood filled internal jugular vein)

12. Extensions of Dura Mater
Partitions: limit movement of brain
Falx Cerebri –vertical, between cerebral hemispheres
Falx Cerebelli -vertical, between cerebellar hemispheres
Tentorium Cerebelli –horizontal, between cerebrum and
cerebellum

13. Meninges
Arachnoid Mater
Middle layer
Subarachnoid Space-between arachnoid mater and pia
mater (contains most of CSF, blood vessels)
Arachnoid Villi (Granulations)- projections of
arachnoid mater through dura into superior sagittal
sinus, act as valves to help CSF pass into dural sinuses

14. Meninges (continued)
Pia Mater
Innermost layer
Delicate, highly vascular
Clings directly to brain tissue, dips into convolutions

15. Ventricles
Expansions of brain’s central cavity
Lined with Ependymal Cells
Filled with CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)
Ventricles continuous w/each other + central canal of spinal
cord

16. Ventricles (continued)
Lateral Ventricles (#1+2)
Cerebral Hemisphere
Separated by Septum Pellucidum
Third Ventricle
Diencephalon
Interventricular Foramen: connects to lateral ventricle
Fourth Ventricle
Hindbrain
Cerebral Aqueduct: connects 3
rd
and 4
th
ventricles
Connects to central canal of spinal cord & medulla
3 openings connect 4
th
to subarachnoid space
2 lateral apertures
1 median aperture
health.howstuffworks.com

17. Cerebrospinal Fluid
Liquid cushion for brain and spinal cord
Nourishes brain
Removes waste
Conducts chemical signals between parts of CNS (e.g.
hormones)
Forms as a filtrate of blood in choroid plexuses
health.allrefer.com

18. Choroid Plexuses
Choroid Plexuses: groups of capillaries
surrounded by ependymal cells
Made of sodium, chloride ions, proteins, glucose, O
2
www.daviddarling.info

19. Flow of CSF
Formed in Choroid plexuses
Through Ventricles
Into Subarachnoid space & central canal from 4
th

ventricle
Through Arachnoid Villi into Superior Sagittal Sinus
Into Internal Jugular Vein
faculty.washington.edu

20. Organization of the Brain
Composed of gray and white matter
Different organization than in the spinal cord
Centrally located gray matter surrounded by white matter
Cortex: external sheets of gray matter in cerebrum &
cerebellum (some parts of brain)
Nuclei: deep masses of gray matter surrounded by white matter
(some parts of brain)

21. Cerebrum
“Executive Suite” of nervous system
Self-awareness, initiate + control voluntary movements,
communicate, remember, understanding, language
Most superior region
Covers diencephalon + top of brain stem like
mushroom cap
Cerebral cortex
No.
836

22. Cerebral Hemispheres
Fissures and Grooves
Fissures – deepest
Transverse cerebral fissure
Separates cerebral hemispheres from cerebellum
Longitudinal fissure
Separates R and L cerebral hemispheres
Sulci
Grooves on surface
Gyri
Ridges of brain tissue among the sulci
No.
836
No.
833

23. Cerebral Hemispheres:
Each hemisphere divided into 5 lobes
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Insula
Created by deep sulci
Functional areas: motor, sensory
Associative areas: integrate
No.
836

24. Cerebral Hemispheres
The 2 hemispheres control opposite sides of body
Corpus callosum
 The largest commissure between the hemispheres
Hemispheres specialized for different cognitive
functions
Left Cerebral hemisphere
Language, mathematics and logic
Right Cerebral hemisphere
Visual-spatial, interpreting facial expressions, intuition,
emotion, artistic/musical skills

25. Diencephalon
Surrounded by cerebral hemispheres
Made of 3 Paired Structures
Thalamus “gateway”
Communicates sensory info of cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
Regulates many body activities
Emotion, sleep, memory, etc.
Pituitary Gland
Growth Hormone
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Epithalamus
Pineal Gland
Melatonin

26. Brainstem
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata
Passage of all signals between spinal cord and brain
Regulates basic physiological functions
Innervation of head and neck

27. Brainstem
Midbrain
Visual and Auditory reflex centers
Attachment for CN III, IV
Pons
Attachment for CN V, VI, VII, VIII
Medulla oblongata
Regulates several basic physiological functions
Attachment of CN IX, X, XI, XII

28. Smooths + coordinates body movements directed
by other parts of brain
2 Cerebellar Hemispheres
Cerebellar cortex surrounds Arbor vitae
Functions
Information on equilibrium
Movement of neck, trunk, limbs
Information from cerebral cortex on voluntary
movement
Cerebellum

29. Blood Brain Barrier
Protects brain from blood-borne toxins (e.g. urea, food
toxins, bacteria)
Endothelium of brain capillaries are loaded with tight
junction to decrease permeability
Not complete protection, some things still have to get
through (e.g. fat-soluble molecules can pass through)

30. Blood Supply to Brain
Arteries
External carotid arteries and branches
Tissues of head & face, skin, muscles
Middle meningeal a. = brain
Boxers!
Internal carotid arteries and branches
Opthalmic a. = Eye & Orbits
Ant & Middle Cerebral arts = Cerebrum
Branches form Cerebral Arterial Circle = Anastomosis
Vertebral arteries
Posterior brain
Vertebrae & Cervical Spinal Cord
Branches form Cerebral Arterial Circle = Anastomosis
No.
832
No.
838

31. Blood Supply to the Brain
Veins
Dural sinuses
Superior & Inferior Sagittal, transverse, sigmoid, straight, etc
Internal jugular
Receives from dural sinuses
External jugular
Drains scalp and face (superficial)
Vertebral
Drains cervical vertebrae, cervical spinal cord, small neck muscles
No.
842
No.
870

32. Cranial Nerves
12 Pairs: I-XII
Numbered Anterior to Posterior
Attach to inferior surface of brain
Exit brain through foramina in skull
I + II attach to Forebrain (cerebrum + diencephalon)
III-XII attach to Brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla)
Only X goes beyond the head-neck
No.
851

33. Foramina serving Cranial Nerves
You must know what foramina each
CN leaves the skull through
(refer to lab manual)

34. How to Remember CN I-XII
Oh! Oh! Oh!
To Touch And Feel
Very Good Velvet!
Ah Heaven!

35. I Olfactory (oh)
II Optic (oh)
IIIOculomotor (oh)
IV Trochlear (to)
V Trigeminal (1-3)(touch)
VI Abducens (and)
VIIFacial (feel)
VIII Vestibulocochlear(very)
IX Glossopharyngeal(good)
X Vagus (velvet)
XI Accessory (ah)
XIIHypoglossal (heaven)

36. Motor vs. Sensory Nerves
Sensory = Afferent
Send nervous impulse from sensory receptors to
brain to bring in information
e.g. pressure, temperature, pain
Motor = Efferent
Send nervous impulses from brain to body to
accomplish an action
e.g. movement of a muscle, activation of a gland

37. Sensory Nerves
Sensory = Afferent
Visceral Sensory (sensory innervation of viscera)
stretch, pain, temp., chemical changes, irritation in viscera
Special: taste
Somatic Sensory (sensory innervation of outer part body)
touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temp. in skin, body wall, limbs
Special: hearing, equilibrium, vision, smell

38. Motor Nerves
Motor Nerves
Visceral Motor (motor innervation muscle in viscera + glands)
innervation smooth + cardiac muscle, glands
Somatic Motor (motor innervation of skeletal muscle)
innervation of skeletal muscles (except pharyngeal arch m.)

39. Mnemonic for CN Function
Some (CN I)
Say (CN II)
Marry (CN III)
Money (CN IV)
But (CN V)
My (CN VI)
Brother (CN VII)
Says (CN VIII)
Big (CN IX)
Brains (CN X)
Matter (CN XI)
Most! (CN XII)
S = Sensory function M = Motor function
B = BOTH (Sensory and Motor function)

40. I Olfactory--------Sensory--smell
II Optic-------------Sensory--vision
IIIOculomotor----Motor----extrinsic eye muscles
IV Trochlear-------Motor----extrinsic eye muscles
V Trigeminal
V
1
Opthalmic-----Sensory-cornea, nasal mucosa, face skin
V
2
Maxillary------Sensory-skin of face, oral cavity, teeth
V
3
Mandibular---Motor-muscles of mastication
---Sensory-face skin, teeth, tongue (general)
Cranial Nerve Function

41. VIAbducens--------------Motor-----eye abduction muscles
VIIFacial-------------------Sensory---part of tongue (taste)
-------------------Motor------muscles of facial expression
VIII Vestibulocochlear---Sensory----hearing, equilibrium
IXGlossopharyngeal----Motor------stylopharyngeus muscle
----Sensory----tongue (gen & taste), pharynx
X Vagus------------------Motor-------pharynx, larynx
-------------------Sensory----pharynx, larynx, abd. organs
XIAccessory-------------Motor------trapezius, sternocleidomastoid
XIIHypoglossal----------Motor-------tongue muscles
Cranial Nerves (continued)

42. CN I: Olfactory Nerve
Attaches to cerebrum
Many nerve endings from olfactory bulbs
Pass through olfactory foramina in cribriform plate of ethmoid
bone to receptors in roof of nasal cavity
Sensory for smell

43. CN II: Optic Nerve
Attaches to Diencephalon
Enters orbit through optic canal
Sensory for vision

44. CN III: Oculomotor Nerve
Attaches to Midbrain
Enters orbit through superior orbital fissure
Motor to 3 of 4 extrinsic muscles of eye
Superior, inferior and medial rectus muscles & inferior oblique muscle
Parasympathetic to muscles controlling pupil & lens of eye

45. CN IV: Trochlear Nerve
Attaches to Midbrain
Enters orbit through superior orbital fissure
Motor to superior oblique muscle of eye

46. CN V
1
: Ophthalmic Nerve
First branch of Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Attaches to Pons
Enters orbit through superior orbital fissure, then exits orbit
through supraorbital foramen/notch
Sensory-cornea, nasal mucosa, face skin

47. CN V
2
: Maxillary Nerve
Second branch of Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Attaches to the pons
Passes through the foramen rotundum, inferior orbital fissure and out
the infraorbital foramen
Sensory-skin of face, oral cavity, teeth

48. CN V
3
: Mandibular Nerve
Third branch of Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Attaches to Pons
Exits cranial cavity through foramen ovale, into the mandibular
foramen and out the mental foramen
Motor-muscles of mastication
Sensory-face skin, teeth, anterior 2/3 tongue (general)

Fig
8.139

49. Distribution of sensory innervation
to skin of face from CN V
CN V = Trigeminal
V
1
= Opthalmic
V
2
= Maxillary
V
3
= Mandibular

50. CN VI: Abducens Nerve
Attaches to Pons
Enters orbit through superior orbital fissure
Motor to lateral rectus muscle of eye

51. CN VII: Facial Nerve
Attaches to Pons
Exits cranial cavity through internal acoustic meatus, then exits
skull through stylomastoid foramen
Sensory to anterior 2/3 tongue for taste
Motor to muscles of facial expression
Parasympathetic to Mandibular & Sublingual glands,
Lacrimal gland

52. CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Attaches to Pons
Enters inner ear through internal acoustic meatus
Sensory to organs of hearing and equilibrium

53. CN IX: Glossopharyngeal nerve
Attaches to medulla oblongata
Exits cranial cavity through jugular foramen
Motor to stylopharyngeus muscle
Sensory to posterior 1/3 tongue (general & taste),
pharynx
Parasympathetic to parotid gland

54. CN X: Vagus Nerve
Attaches to Medulla oblongata
Exits cranial cavity through jugular foramen
Nicknamed the “wanderer”
Motor to pharynx, larynx
Sensory to pharynx, larynx, abdominal organs
Parasympathetic to thoracic and abdominal organs

55. CN XI: Accessory Nerve
Attaches to Medulla oblongata
Exits cranial cavity through jugular foramen
Joined by a spinal segment passing through foramen magnum
Motor to trapezius & sternocleidomastoid muscles

56. CN XII: Hypoglossal Nerve
Attaches to Medulla oblongata
Exits cranial cavity through hypoglossal canal
Motor to tongue muscles

57. Summary of Functional Groups
Purely Sensory = I, II, VIII
Primarily Motor = III, IV, VI, XI, XII
Mixed = V, VII, IX, X
Parasympathetic Fibers = III, VII, IX, X
(Division of Autonomic NS = Visceral Motor)

58. Parasympathetic Fibers
CN III = Oculomotor
Contracts Iris (controls pupil)
Contracts Ciliary Muscle (controls lens)
CN VII = Facial
Innervates Salivary glands (mandibular & sublingual)
Innervates Lacrimal gland
CN IX = Glossopharyngeal
Innervates Parotid Salivary gland
CN X = Vagus
Innervates thoracic & abdominal viscera