slide pengabdian masyarakat PPT Pengmas Nutrisi ikan Koi.pptx

slide pengabdian masyarakat terkait dengan Pengmas Ikan Koi di Sempu

1. NUTRIEN PAKAN IKAN koi

2. Kenapa harus diberi pakan? Nutrient inputs No fertilizer with fertilizer Standing crop, kg/ha with feed

3. Jenis pakan Formulated feeds Agricultural by-products brans and meals Floating pellets Sinking pellets

4. Bagaimana memberi pakan ikan? hand truck timed automatic

5. Berapa banyak? % body weight per day 5 % 3 % to satiation 2 %

6. Dalam budidaya ikan pakan merupakan salah satu faktor penting Biaya untuk pakan merupakan salah komponen terbesar (sktr 50%) Biaya efektif dalam budidaya : nutrisi seimbang , kualitas terkontrol dan evaluasi scr biologis

7. Apakah “nutrisi”? Nutrisi adalah ilmu ttg interaksi a n t a r a nutrient dg bebrp bagian organisme hidup Meliputi komposisi pakan, ingestion, pencernaan, kemampuan mencerna, pelepasan energy, pertumbuhan dan reproduksi, dan eliminasi dr kotoran.

8. Budidaya ikan me me rlukan pen getahuan : Nutrisi ikan; Bahan pakan ; Formulasi pakan ; Pemberian pakan

9. Nutrisi ikan level yang paling efisien dlam pemberian pakan tercapai jika pemberian nutrien esensial dan energi tersedia dlam proporsi yg dibutuhkan ikan dan udang untuk maintenan dan pertumbuhan *Nutrient: bahan kimia yg menyediakan that provides nourishment to the body *Energy adlh kemampuan untuk melakukan kerja .  Tak termasuk nutrien .

10. Pakan dan bahan pakan mengandung energi dan nutrien esensial un tuk pertumbuhan , reproduksi dan kesehatan hewan air Kekurangan atau kelebihan dpt mengurangi pertumbuhan dan menyebabkan kematian

11. Determination of feed utilization Feed conversion ratio = kg of feed fed kg of fish gain 2 kg = 1 kg gain = FCR of 2 2 kg = 2 kg gain = FCR of 1

12. Tipe pakan Karnivora : pemakan daging Herbivor a : pemakan tumbuhan Omnivor a : pemakan tumbuhan dan hewan/daging

13. Kebutuhan pakan Energy Proteins (amino acids) Lipids (essential fatty acids, eg PUFA) Carbohydrates Vitamins and Minerals

14. Penggunaan Energi pakan Pakan dikonsumsi Sisa pakan Oksigen dicerna dimetabolisme Pertumbuhan Ekskresi & Respirasi Feses Growth = In - Out - sisa pakan - Feses - Ekskresi&Res - Pakan - Oksigen C = P + R + U + F energi pakan yang dimakan ikan (C) sama dengan produksi daging ikan (P) + energi metabolisme (R) + energi urine (U) dan energi feses (F)

15. Fate of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Feed Food 100% N 100% P Retained 30% N 32% P Dissolved 87% N 10-40% P Solids 13% N 60-90% P Effluent 70% N 68% P

16. SUMBER ENERGI PAKAN IKAN PROTEIN KARBOHIDRAT LEMAK

17. PROTEIN KANDUNGAN PROTEIN IKAN SANGAT TINGGI (50%-70%) SUMBER ENERGI UTAMA PADA PAKAN IKAN (PERTIMBANGAN UTAMA DALAM FORMULASI PAKAN IKAN) ENERGI METABOLISME 4,5 K CAL/G EFISIENSI TINGGI (>80%) PROTEIN HEWANI LEBIH MUDAH DICERNA DARIPADA PROTEIN NABATI

18. HARGA MAHAL KEBUTUHAN PROTEIN IKAN 2-3 KALI KEBUTUHAN HEWAN DARAT DIPENGARUHI OLEH SUHU, SPESIES/JENIS IKAN UDANG TAWAR (30%), NILA (25%), UDANG LAUT (35-40%), LELE (25-30%) TERDIRI DARI 23 ASAM AMINO, 10 ASAM AMINO ESENSIAL PENGHASIL AMONIAK

19. AMONIAK DALAM DARAH BERACUN BAGI IKAN DIKELUARKAN MELALUI INSANG, URIN, DAN KOTORAN (FAECES) FUNGSI : SUMBER ENERGI SUPLAI ASAM AMINO UNTUK MENGGANTI SEL-SEL YANG RUSAK

20. LEMAK/LIPID FUNGSI : SUMBER ENERGI SUPLAI ASAM LEMAK ESENSIAL PRECURSOR ASAM LEMAK ESENSIAL: O MEGA 3, PUFA’S (POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS) KEBUTUHAN : 5-15% KEKURANGAN : LUKA, HATI SAKIT, PERTUMBUHAN LAMBAT, KEMATIAN YG TINGGI KELEBIHAN LEMAK : TIDAK TERJADI KESEIMBANGAN PENCERNAAN, KELEBIHAN LEMAK PADA JARINGAN EFISIENSI 84 %

21. KARBOHIDRAT DIBUTUHKAN DALAM JUMLAH YANG SEDIKIT (MAKS 12%) TIDAK SEPENTING PROTEIN DAN LEMAK SEBAGAI PENGGANTI ENERGI JIKA KEKURANGAN PROTEIN EFISIENSI 40% SUKAR DICERNA OLEH IKAN KELEBIHAN MENYEBABKAN PEMBENGKAKAN LIVER HARGA MURAH

22. VITAMIN SENYAWA ORGANIK YANG BERFUNGSI DALAM R EAKSI KIMIA DALAM TUBUH FUNGSI : PERTUMBUHAN REPRODUKSI KESEHATAN/KEKEBALAN TUBUH

23. MINERAL IKAN DAPAT MENYERAP MINERAL DARI AIR Ca DAN P = UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN TULANG Mg = UNTUK KOFAKTOR ENZIM Fe = DARAH

24. BINDER PEREKAT PADA PAKAN TERUTAMA DIGUNAKAN PADA PAKAN UDANG PEMAKAIAN MAKSIMAL 10% TEPUNG KANJI, TEPUNG TERIGU, DAN SAGU, GELATIN

25. Feed Management in shrimp Case Study

26. Feed Appearance Feeding behavior of aquatic animals is usually associated with some quality of the feed: odor, palatability, texture, appearance, size bottom line : a nutritionally-balanced feed is of little value if not consumed often, the animal must be “attracted” to the particle example : shrimp feeds w/attractants leached attractants are detected through chemoreceptors located throughout their body

27. Attractability / Pallatability Shrimp, unlike fish, feed by olfaction, not by sight fish cue on color, appearance, movement, all vision-related attractants : fish meal, fish oils, krill meal, shrimp head meal, Artemia meal feeds with added attractability should bring the target animal immediately to the pellet without binders, attractants leach out in 2 hr if not consumed by then, forget it

28. Attractability/Palatability Common misconception : if farmer can smell attractant, the feed is good again, we don’t smell what they smell palatability : is particle picked-up and then consumed/ingested? Regards texture and handling ability of pellet shrimp need this more than fish because they are sloppy eaters!!

29. Pellet Stability In the past, farmers thought the longer the pellet stability, the better the feed.. We now recognize that if a pellet has lost its attractability , it will not likely be eaten the key is to provide the right combination of attraction and stability accomplished via binders, but expensive normal stability : around 4-6 hrs determined by: dry matter, immersion, fractures, etc.

30. More on Appearance Because some aquatics feed by smell, color is often irrelevant (REM??) however, color can give you an idea of the nutrient composition and manufacturing quality of the pellet pellet color should be uniform, few large ingredient particles shrimp, unlike fish, can remove tiny ingredient particles and discard them

31. Feed Pellet Size What feed pellet size you feed is determined by age of animal size of particle must be the one most efficient for location and consumption by animal proper nutrient package, right size, well-distributed smaller pellets usually imply easier distribution feed particles range in size from less than 50 µ M to over 1/8 in. diameter

32. Feed Pellet Size larvae : <50, 50-125, 250, 500 µ M, according to larval substage postlarvae : flakes, fine crumbles (500 µ M) juveniles to 2-3 g: medium crumble (1mm) to coarse crumble (2mm) 3-6 g: short pellet (3/32 x 2-4 mm) 6-10g : medium pellet (3/32 x 6 mm) 10-16 g : long pellet (3/32 x 10 mm) over 16 g : 1/8 in. diam , various lengths point: one pellet per shrimp per feeding

33. General Comments Now that you have an idea of how feeds are formulated and produced, we will discuss feed storage, management and application three important issues : proper-sized pellet, nutritionally-balanced, right place/time how this is accomplished depends on: 1) schooling behavior, 2) migratory behavior, 3) nutrient requirements, 4) physiology

34. Proper Feed Storage Because feeds contain ingredients that are susceptible to degradation, you are concerned with storage conditions and shelf life What breaks down? Vitamins, lipids, proteins fats and oils break down via rancidification proteins can become deaminated : do not use any feed over 3 months old big problem for those who import feed

35. Proper Feed Storage Watch out if your are importing!! = delays Delays can turn feed into high-priced fertilizer or make it downright toxic! Feed typically shipped in 100 lb bags sea freight or over-land trucking normal shipment : 450 x 100 lb bags in one 40 ft container if mill is nearby : shipment is a granel or loose-pelleted a granel would imply that the farm has a silo and bagging system

36. Proper Feed Storage Feed bags are made of many materials: paper on outside, plastic liner continuous plastic (no weave, no air holes) woven polymer typically contain labels stating feed type, pellet size, proximate analysis, ingredients, date of manufacture, etc. must be unloaded immediately and placed in proper storage

37. Proper Feed Storage Feeds should be stored in a dry, cool and well-ventilated area spoilage will occur immediately if feeds become wet: temperature needs to be consistent bags stored on wooden pallets, not on floor no more than 5 bags high between pallets allows for adequate air circulation between bags, constant or similar moisture, temp

38. Proper Feed Storage Do not store bags directly on concrete floors or touching walls of building surfaces are often cooler than the bag: moisture migration feed moisture (around 8-12%) will migrate to the cool area, accumulate this encourages growth of molds (REM: Aspergillus flavius , aflatoxin ??) also avoid direct sunlight: diurnal temperature flux

39. Proper Feed Storage Direct sunlight will adversely affect the vitamin and lipid quality of the feed do not store feed more than 3 months post manufacture feeds should be purchased, delivered, and utilized on a monthly basis (2-3 containers per month for large farms) spoiled, wet or old feeds cannot be used economic loss of feeding deficient feed may be greater than cost associated with discarding it

40. Feeding of Shrimp The main issues regarding the feeding of shrimp are the following: 1) growth rate 2) feed rate 3) pellet size 4) feed frequency 5) feed management

41. Growth of Penaeid Shrimp Growth of penaeid shrimp is quite fast, especially during the juvenile phase, right after stocking in some cases, it can exceed 1000% per wk growth curves describing weight gain of shrimp are developed in terms of percent weight gain per day, or over any period of time growth rate varies throughout life cycle

42. Growth of Penaeid Shrimp Growth of young shrimp is typically logarithmic or exponential until 0.5-1.0 g afterwards, it normally becomes linear REM : just because weight is increasing, does not mean biomass is increasing many times growth will be slow and then increase, sometimes stop must be confirmed by biomass/population sampling

43. Growth of Penaeid Shrimp When viewing growth curves, it is important to note that they seldom appear as in the classical representations they appear more like jagged lines reflecting sudden increases/decreases in mean body weight attributed to molt status or sampling error in the first two days post-molt, shrimp can gain 1-1.5 g in weight

44. General Feeding Guidelines The smaller the shrimp, the higher the percentage body weight fed as feed/day juveniles (less than 0.5 g) are fed up to 50% of their body weight per day the percentage decreases with weight of shrimp as stocking density increases, most farmers increase overall feeding rate for entire production cycle

45. Pemberian pakan harus cukup , tidak “underfeeding” dan tidak berlebihan (yang dapat menyebabkan pencemaran air). UMUR ( hari ) FREKUENSI (per hari) WAKTU 1 – 7 2 kali 06.00 ; 17.00 8 – 21 3 kali 07.00 ; 15.00 ; 22.00 22 – 35 4 kali 06.00 ; 11.00 ; 19.00 ; 23.00 36 – 70 5 kali 06.00 ;   10.00 ; 15.00 ; 19.00 ; 23.00 71 – PANEN 5 – 6 kali 06.00 ; 10.00 ; 14.00 ; 17.00 ; 20.00 ; 24.00

46. Program Pakan untuk Bulan Pertama Pemberian pakan didasarkan pada jumlah benur yang ditebar . Pemberian pakan selama 30 hari pertama HARI PAKAN (kg) No PAKAN HARI PAKAN (kg) No PAKAN HARI PAKAN (kg) No PAKAN 1 1 SB 11 3 01 21 6 02 2 1,2 SB 12 3,3 01 22 6,5 02 3 1,4 SB 13 3,6 01 23 7 02 4 1,6 SB 14 3,9 01 24 7,5 02 5 1,8 SB 15 4,2 01 25 8 02 6 2 01 16 4,5 01 / 02 26 8,5 02 7 2,2 01 17 4,8 01 / 02 27 9 02 8 2,4 01 18 5,1 01 / 02 28 9,5 02 9 2,6 01 19 5,4 01 / 02 29 10 02 10 2,8 01 20 5,7 01 / 02 30 10,5 02 Tabel Pemberian pakan untuk 1 bulan pertama per 100.000 benur  

47. Pemberian Pakan Setelah 1 Bulan Pada umumnya , udang sudah mau makan di anco sejak umur 3 minggu , tetapi pakan di anco dapat habis saat umur udang di tambak 30 hari . Setelah 30 hari , penambahan pakan harus didasarkan pada hasil kontrol pakan di anco . Jumlah kebutuhan pakan harian tergantung pada biomassa udang dan berat rata-rata udang (MBW/ABW)  MBW (g) FR (%) MBW (g) FR (%) 1,0 – 1,9 8 – 11 11,0 – 11,9 3,5 – 3,25 2,0 – 2,9 8 – 7 12,0 – 12,9 3,25 – 3,0 3,0 – 3,9 7 – 6 13,0 – 13,9 3,0 – 2,75 4,0 – 4,9 6 – 5,5 14,0 – 14,9 2,75 – 2,5 5,0 -5,9 5,5 – 5,0 15,0 – 15,9 2,5 – 2,3 6,0 –6,9 5,0 – 4 ,5 16,0 – 16,9 2,3 – 2,1 7,0 – 7,9 4,5 – 4,25 17,0 – 17,9 2,1 – 2,0 8,0 – 8,9 4,25 – 4,0 18,0 – 18,9 2,0 – 1,9 9,0 – 9,9 4,0 – 3,75 19,0 – 19,9 1,9 – 1,8 10,0 – 10,9 3,75 – 3,5 20,0 – 20,9 1,8 – 1,7 Tabel Persentase kebutuhan pakan udang per berat badan (Feeding Rate) untuk berbagai MBW  

48. Kontrol Pakan Alat yang digunakan untuk memonitor pakan adalah   anco . Kontrol pakan bertujuan untuk mengetahui kebutuhan pakan oleh udang . Petak Sisa pakan di anco Hasil Keputusan 1 2 3 4 A 4/4 Tambah   5 – 10% B + 3/4 Cukup C + + 2/4 Kurangi 5 % D + + + 1/4 Kurangi 10 – 15% E + + + + 0/4 Kurangi 20 – 30% Tabel Hasil monitor anco dan keputusan penambahan / pengurangan pakan

49. Specific Feeding Guidelines Note: this is just an example, can vary with stocking density

50. Estimation of Feed Usage in Shrimp Ponds

51. Feeding of Penaeid Shrimp The actual feeding guideline assumes a specific growth rate according to season, species of shrimp L. vannamei : dry season 0.5 g/ wk , wet season 1.5 g/ wk L. stylirostris : dry season 1.5 g/ wk , wet season 1.5 g/ wk (poor survival) has a targeted weight of shrimp to be harvested based on experience, investment requirements and market price must play around with it Can it be followed? Not usually.

52. Feed Management It is very difficult and often impractical to follow a feeding guideline often not advisable only used as a general range for weight fine tuning/management comes from estimation of feed consumption/biometry this is undertaken through use of feeding trays and population sampling

53. Pond Biomass Sampling Determines overall population of shrimp in ponds uses cast nets (no other method available) cast net size : 8-10 ft diameter (3 m) mesh size : 1/8 in. (0-5 g), 1/4 in. (5+g) pond matrix developed, sampled as an “X” sampled at night (even distribution), new moon at least 20 casts (can be determined by CV) population = (count/cast net area/spread coefficient) x total pond area

54. Feeding Trays Developed back in the 80’s as a spin-off of the intensification of shrimp farming in Taiwan overfeeding was causing problems with pond water quality originally placed a portion of feed on tray and estimated “appetite”/consumption by refused portion after a period of time now-a-days used to feed entire pond

55. Feeding Trays Method 1 : if you are just evaluating consumption, use a small number of trays, evenly distributed throughout the pond semi-intensive: 2/ha, intensive: 6/ha trays are 60-75 cm diameter, ring weighted, use about 2 mm mesh on bottom add 150 g feed, read refused portion after 2 hrs estimate as a percentage of total, record as a simple number (0,1,2,3) and compare to a chart recommending modifications

56. Feeding Tray Guideline No residual feed = 0 = 50% increase 0-10% residual = 1 = 25% increase 10-25% residual = 2 = 10% increase 25-50% residual = 3 = no change 50-75% residual = 4 = decrease 25% 75-100% residual = 5 = no feed issue : workers must be trained to observe residual, must correlate dry feed weight to wet feed volume in samplers

57. Peruvian-style Feeding Trays By this method, all feed applied to trays trays are large, 3m x 3m, 10 trays/ha advantage : very accurate consumption information advantage : all waste accumulates near tray advantage : FCR will drop 25-35% disadvantage : 100 trays/10 ha pond; 3,000 trays per farm, 100 trays/worker/day issue : Is this cost effective?

58. Feeding Schedule Shrimp are most active and well-distributed at night daytime = poor distribution, less activity feeding times: 05:00 (25%), 19:00 (25%), 0:00 (50%) pay very close attention to where shrimp are at these times and whether molting feeding times often have to be adjusted to allow for only one group of feeders

59. Feeding Frequency Most farms feed only twice per day until 4-5 g, three times per day afterwards nutrition available in feed is enhanced by more frequent feedings translates into better weight gain also implies more cost in effort, not practical for most farms also causes problems in terms of pellet distribution

60. Feed Distribution Distribution of feed to shrimp is just as important as nutrition and amount poor distribution means poor growth, wasted energy on part of the shrimp, economic loss to farm must understand migratory behavior and physiological response must feed where the shrimp are each pond different time of day, entrance of water into pond, turbidity, etc. are all important

61. Feed Distribution In other words, study the pond know where to put the feed usually broadcast by hand from boats in a zig-zag pattern also distributed by blowers on trailer, if ponds small enough, wind OK blowers : 4,000 lb capacity, 45 ft throw equipped with balances for proper dosage, programmable hoppers w/scales

62. Other Means of Feed Distribution

63. Other Means of Feed Distribution