Small orders_apterygotans and other orders

Apterygotans and other orders

1. HEXAPODA
Entognathous Hexapods Ectognathous Hexapods
Protura
Collembola
Diplura
Apterygota
Pterygota
Archeognatha
Thysanura
Palaeoptera Neoptera
Polyneoptera Paraneoptera Oligoneoptera
Ephemeroptera
Odonata

2. Neoptera
Polyneoptera Paraneoptera Oligoneoptera
Orthoptera
Phasmatodea
Grylloblattodea
Mantophasmatodea
Dermaptera
Plecoptera
Embioptera
Zoraptera
Isoptera
Mantodea
Blattodea
Hemiptera
Thysanoptera
Psocoptera
Pthiraptera
Neuroptera
Coleoptera
Trichoptera
Lepidoptera
Siphonaptera
Mecoptera
Diptera
Strepsiptera
Hymenoptera

3. Hexapoda
Entognathous Hexapods
•Mouthparts are more or less
withdrawn into the head
•Lateral portions of head
capsule extended ventrally
–Fused with sides of labium and
labrum – pouch to conceal
mandibles and maxillae
•All segments of antennae
(when present) musculated
•Tarsi 1 segmented
•Compound eyes absent or
ommatidia reduced in number
(eight or less)
Ectognathous Hexapods
•Mouthparts not or rarely
withdrawn into head
•Not so
•Segments of flagellum lack
musculature – Annulated
•Variable
•Compound eyes present

4. Ectognathous Hexapods
Apterygota
•Primarily wingless
•Metamorphosis slight or
absent
•Pleural sutures absent in
thorax
•Pregenital abdominal
appendages present
Pterygota
•Primarily winged
•Incomplete or complete
metamorphosis
•Thoracic pleuron divided by
pleural suture into
episternum & epimeron
•Pregenital abdominal
appendages absent

5. Class & Order Protura
•Minute 0.6 to 1.5 mm
•Eyes absent
•Antennae absent
•Front legs projected
forward
•Abdomen 11 segmented
with telson
•Tarsi one segmented
•Styli on first three
abdominal segments
•Anamorphosis present (9
to 11 segments + telson)

6. •Proturans live in moist
soil, humus, leaf litter,
under bark and
decomposing logs
•Feed on organic matter,
some on fungal spores
•Eosentomon indicum

7. Class & Order Diplura
•Compound eyes absent,
ocelli present
•Antennae moniliform,
longer than head
•Tarsi 1 segmented
•Cerci present
•Abdomen 10 segmented
with stylii
•Larval development
epimorphic

8. •Diplurans have external
fertilization
•Males lay up to 200
spermatophores a week,
which are held off the ground
by a short stalk and probably
only remain viable for about
two days.
•The female collects the
spermatophore with her
genital opening, and later lays
eggs in a cavity in the ground.
•The hatchlings do not undergo
metamorphosis, but resemble
the adults, apart from their
smaller size, lesser number of
setae and the lack of
reproductive organs
 

9. •Campodeidae
–Cerci long, many
segmented
•Japygidae
–Cerci 1 segmented,
forceps like
•Parajapygidae
–Trichobothria absent on
antenna
Campodea staphylinus

10. Class & Order Collembola
(Springtails)
•Compound eyes absent
•Antennae 4 to 6
segmented
•Abdomen 6 segmented
•3 pairs of pregenital
appendages
–Collophore
–Tenaculum
–Furcula

11. •Some species carnivorous,
most feed on decaying
vegetable matter and fungi
•Most species live in soil,
leaf litter, under bark,
decaying logs
•Some on freshwater pools
and along seashores, on
vegetation, in termite and
ant nests, caves, snow
fields and glaciers
Sminthurus appendiculatus

12. •Entomobryidae
–Strikingly coloured
–Very long antennae and
legs
•Sminthuridae
–Body globose, with
dense seatae
•Cyphoderidae
–Commensals in ant and
termite nests

13. Apterygota – Order Archaeognatha
=Microcoryphia (Jumping bristletails)
•Resemble silverfish but
more cylindrical
•Thorax arched
•Compound eyes large,
contiguous
•Ocelli present
•Mandible with a single
point of articulation

14. •Tarsi 3 segmented
•Pairs of styli on
abdominal segments 2
to 9
•Eversible vescicles on
segments 1 to 7
•Body covered with
scales
•Live on vegetation, can
jump
Graphytarsus sudindicus

15. •Possess long caudal
processes
•Capable of gliding and
controlled maneuvers
while falling from trees
•Caudal filaments and
antennae help in
aerodynamic control

16. •Stephen Yanoviak et al.
2009
–Dusted orange
fluorescent powder
–Dropped from tree
canopies 15 m under
windless conditions
–Treatments
•Control; LC; RC; MF;
•LC&MF, 50% LC, RC, MF,
•Antennae
–Video recording for
analysis
•Glide angle 68
o
–Aerial righting reflex
–Vertical tumble to stable
dorsoventral
–Head first posture
•Lift and drag
•Targeted towards tree
trunk

17. •Directed aerial descent (i.e.
gliding and manoeuvring)
may be an important stage
in the evolution of winged
flight
•Arboreal bristletails
(Archaeognatha) direct their
horizontal trajectories to
tree trunks in approximately
90 per cent of falls.
•Manipulation of the median
caudal filament significantly
reduced both success rate
and performance (glide
index) versus controls.
•The existence of aerial
control in the
ancestrally wingless
bristletails, supports the
hypothesis of a
terrestrial origin for
winged flight in insects.

18. Why bristletails glide?
•390 to 400 my old
•To escape from spiders,
ants and other
predators
•Machilidae
•Meinertellidae

19. Thysanura (Silverfish)
•Body flat, covered with
dusty scales
•Three terminal
filaments more or less
equal in length
•Mandible with two
points of articulation
•Compound eyes small,
widely separated

20. •Lepismatidae
•Lepidotrichidae
•Nicoletiidae
•Firebrats – live close to
ovens in bakeries –
withstand high
temperatures
Lepisma saccharina
Thermobia domestica

21. •Aquatic insects were
the theme for a series
of six postage stamps
issued by Poland on
July 16, 1999.
•Immature and adult
stages in the life cycle
of a mayfly (Ephemera
vulgata) are depicted
on this stamp

22. Ephemeroptera (Mayflies)
•ephemeros = "short-lived", -
short life span of adults
•Naiads are aquatic
–Usually one year in
freshwater.
•The adults are short-lived,
–from a few minutes to a few
days depending on the species.
•Presence of a subimaginal
stage
•About 2,500 species are
known worldwide

23. Characters
•Mouthparts vestigeal, digestive system
filled with air.
•The wings are membranous, with
extensive venation, and are held upright
like a butterfly.
•Hindwings are much smaller than the
forewings, and may be vestigial, or
entirely absent.
•The second segment of thorax is enlarged,
holding the main flight muscles.

24. •Antennae short, flexible,
•Compound eyes large and three
ocelli.
•In most species, the males' eyes
are large and the front legs
unusually long, for use in locating
and grasping females during mid-
air mating.
•Unique among insects, mayflies
possess paired genitalia,
•The abdomen is roughly
cylindrical, with ten segments and
two long cerci at the tip.

25. •Mayfly eggs are eaten by
snails and caddisfly
larvae.
•The nymphs may be
eaten by fish, frogs,
birds, and water beetles
•The subimagos are eaten
by fish, birds,
dragonflies, water
beetles and other
predatory insects.

26. •Mayfly nymphs move over stones
and weeds to graze off bacteria.
•They may collect from sediments or
feed on detritus.
•Most mayflies are collectors and
scrapers (Edmunds et al, 1976), and
most of the consumed bacterial
cells pass through their bodies
without being used.
•They are opportunistic generalists, meaning that they eat
what they can, when they can.

27. •Ephemeroptera nymphs are usually
microhabitat specialists.
•Each species survives best on a
specific substrate at a certain depth
under water with a certain amount
of wave action.
•The primitive habitat of schistonate
mayflies is still water even though
most extant mayflies live in running
water.
•Some mayfly nymphs are quite
sensitive to pollution and are used
to evaluate water pollution and
stream health.

28. •Mating occurs in a swarm, dense
clouds of mayflies in the air near
streams.
•Some float to the ground while
mating, and others continue flying.
•Once a male has successfully
mated, he will guard the female to
make sure that no other male
mates with her.
•The female then flies to water to
lay her eggs. She dips into the
water while flying and releases a
few eggs each time.
•The eggs sink to the bottom and
their surface changes.
Some species are
parthenogenic,

29. •The time it takes for
emergence into the
subimago form varies
depending on temperature --
the milder the temperature,
the earlier the emergence.
•Many species have
synchronized emergence of
subimagos. In these cases,
the emergence occurs at a
specific time of day under
certain weather conditions

31. Blattodea (Cockroaches)
•This "cucaracha" is known as
the American cockroach,
Periplaneta americana,
although it is probably a native
of Africa.
 
•Today, it enjoys a worldwide
distribution, living as a close
companion to humans.
 
•The stamp pictured here is one
of the insect stamps issued by
the African country of
Equatorial Guinea in 1974.

32. •The general form of
cockroaches varies little
•Their size can range from
only a couple of mm in length
up to 70 mm
–Giant Rhinoceros cockroach
from Northern Queensland.
•There are about 4,500 species
of cockroach, of which 30
species are associated with
human habitations and about
four species are well known
pests

33. •Among the best-known
pest species are
–American cockroach,
Periplaneta americana,
–German cockroach,
Blattella germanica
–Asian cockroach,
Blattella asahinai,
–Oriental cockroach,
Blatta orientalis,

34. •Oval and flattened body
•Pronotum large, extends
partly over the head
•Chewing mouthparts
•Forewings tegmina, HW
fold beneath FW
•Prominent cerci
•Long setaceous
antennae

35. •Feeding
–Much of the feeding habits
of cockroaches is unknown,
but it is likely the majority
are omnivorous.
–Some species are known to
feed predominantly on
rotting wood
–while some species
harbour symbiotic gut
Protozoa that aids in
cellulose digestion.
–The introduced domestic
species appear to eat
almost anything.

36. •Habitat
–Cockroaches are widespread
and adapted to both wet and
dry environments.
–Most species are nocturnal
and ground dwelling and are
usually found hiding during the
day in crevices, under bark,
rocks or logs and in burrows.
–Some species may occur on
plants or in litter and some
also occur solely in caves or
ant nests.
–Others are associated with
human habitation.

37. •Six families of
cockroaches worldwide,
–Blattidae
–Cryptocercidae
–Polyphagidae
–Nocticolidae
–Blattellidae
–Blaberidae

38. •Species in Blattidae range
from black and brown to
red in colour, but a few
are even iridescent green.
•Some species have
distinctive bands or spots,
while others have pale
borders.
Blattidae

39. Cryptocercidae
•Species are known as wood
roaches or brown-hooded
cockroaches.
•They are subsocial xylophagous
insects, found in North America
and Asia.
•Cryptocercus is especially notable
for sharing numerous
characteristics with termites, and
phylogenetic studies have shown
that this genus is more closely
related to termites than it is to
other cockroaches.
Cryptocercus darwinii

40. Polyphagidae
•Known as sand
cockroaches.
•The family is divided into
five subfamilies,
comprising some 40
genera.
•One prominent species is
the desert cockroach,
Arenivaga investigata.
•
Ergaula capucina
Thailand, Burma,

41. Nocticolidae
•small family in the
order.
•20 species in 2 genera.
•Found in Africa, Asia
and Australia.
•Most live in cave
habitats, although a
few are associated with
termites.

42. Blatellidae
•Clypeus small
undivided
•Pronotum and tegmina
densely covered with
silky pubescence
•Front femora with 2 or
3 apical spines,

43. Blaberidae
•Blaberidae is the
second largest family of
cockroaches worldwide,
•Many species such as
Geoscapheus dilatatus
are adapted for
burrowing in soil,
having robust body
shapes and short
powerful legs.

44. A male Madagascar hissing cockroach,
Gromphadorhina portentosa
•Also belonging to Blaberidae
is the giant rhinoceros
cockroach Macropanesthia
rhinoceros which lives in
northern Queensland.
•This cockroach is the largest
in the world and can weigh
up to 30 grams. It can live for
several years and is
sometimes kept as a pet.

45. •Cockroaches leave
chemical trails in their
feces as well as emitting
airborne pheromones
for swarming and
mating.
•Other cockroaches will
follow these trails to
discover sources of food
and water, and also
discover where other
cockroaches are hiding.

47. •The cockroach can live without its head for an entire week.
•The word cockroach comes from the Spanish word "cucaracha" which
means "crazy bug".
•The world's largest roach lives in South America and is 6 inches long.
•Cockroaches eat almost anything: left-over human food, paper, wood,
leather, cigarette butts, tooth paste, coffee grinds, glue, soap, feces, fabric,
shoes, paint, the glue on the back of wallpaper, human hair, fingernails, etc.
•German cockroaches are very small. They can squeeze through a crack that
is about 1/16th of an inch wide.

48. •Myth: Cockroaches are
afraid of light.
Fact: Cockroaches
prefer darkness, but are
not afraid of light. They
do run when you wake
up and turn on a light,
but not because of the
light.

49. Mantodea (Preying mantids)
•The European mantid
(Mantis religiosa) is a
beneficial predator that has
been purposely introduced
throughout much of the
world as a biological
control agent.
 
•The island country of
Dominica, a former British
colony located in the West
Indies, issued this stamp on
December 29, 1988.

50. •Front legs spined and
modified for grasping
and holding prey.
•Prothorax and
procoxae prolonged;
middle and hind coxae
shorter.
•Tarsi 5 segmented.
•Head in frontal view
triangular.

51. •Antennae short,
filiform.
•Similar looking
phasmids and
hemipterans lack the
head shape,
mouthparts, and
prothoracic characters
that distinguish the
mantids.

52. •Worldwide the order
Mantodea has about
2000 species in 8
families.
•Many taxonomists lump
mantids and
cockroaches together in
the order Dictyoptera.

53. Economic Importance
•Generally considered to
be highly beneficial
insects because they
feed on other insects.
 
•Since they are
cannibalistic and also
feed on other beneficial
insects, their value as
biocontrol agents is
probably rather limited.

54. Families
•Mantoididae
•Hymenopodidae
•Empusidae
•Amorphoscelididae
•Metallyticidae
•Eremiaphilidae
•Mantidae

55. Mantoididae
•Small and delicate,
•Both sexes usually with
normal wings (female
rarely brachypterous).
•Anterior femur much
expanded inferiorly:
inferior face much
wider than exterior
face.

56. Hymenopodidae
•Ventrolateral spines of
anterior tibia more or
less decumbent, close
together and
overlapping.
•Tegmina often with
bicoloured transverse
band or spiral marking

57. Empusidae
•Ventromedial spines of
anterior femur arranged
with long spines separated
by 3 or 4 short spines.
•Antennae of male
pectinate.
•Vertex prolonged into a
more or less conical
protuberance, divided at
the apex
Gongylus gongylodes

58. Amorphoscelididae
•Prothorax square, or
only a little longer than
broad
•Front tibia without
spines, or only with
delicate spines
ventromedially
Gyromantis kraussi
Feed on stink bugs

59. Metallyticidae
•Body and elytra metallic
green or blue/green.
•Proximal external spine
of anterior femur very
long and stout.
•Southeast Asia

60. Eremiaphilidae
•Squat robust insects, both
sexes brachypterous.
•Inferior face of anterior
femur narrower than
external face.
•7
th
abdominal sternite of
female with two long
spines.
•Common in desert
environment

61. Mantidae
•Ventrolateral spines of
anterior tibia erect or
oblique, more or less
separated from one
another.
•Tegmina never with
bicoloured markings.

62. Mantidae: Subfamilies
•Liturgusinae
•Photininae
•Oligonychinae
•Amelinae
•Mantinae

63. Liturgusinae
•Fore femur with a deep
pit or groove between
first and second spines
on outer ventral
margin to receive
apical ventral claw of
fore tibia

64. Photininae
•Outer ventral margin
of fore femur with 5
to 7 spines
•Antennae basally
broad, flat

65. Oligonychinae
•Fore tibia armed
dorsoapically with 1 – 2
spines
•Long, slender species
Oligonicella scudderi

66. Amelinae
•Small species, less than
35 mm long
•Eyes dorsally pointed
•Costal margin of
tegmen with dense
coat of fine cilia

67. Mantinae
•Larger species, greater
than 40 mm long
•Eyes globose
•Costal margin of
tegmen glabrous

68. Hierodula doveri

69. Some facts about Mantids
•Mantids are the only insects that can turn their head from
side to side without moving any other part of the body.
 
•A female mantid may eat her mate while he is still linked
with her in copulo.
  This behavior is probably more
common in captivity than in the wild.
•Most mantids are cryptically colored to blend with their
environment.
  A pink Malaysian species spends most of its
time hunting for prey on pink orchids.
•Although mantids usually feed on insect prey, they have
been known to catch and eat small frogs, lizards, and even
birds.

70. Phasmatodea
(Walking sticks and Flying leaves)
•According to West Indian
folklore, God often rides from
place to place on a
walkingstick.
 
•As a result, this cryptic insect
has come to be known locally
as a "God-Horse".
 
•In 1990, the country of
Barbados (West Indies) issued
this stamp that illustrates a
native stick insect, Bostra
maxwelli.

71. •Ancient Greek phasma,
meaning an apparition
or phantom, and refers
to the resemblance of
many species to sticks
or leaves. Their natural
camouflage can make
them extremely difficult
to spot.

72. •Phasmids can be relatively large,
elongated insects.
•Some have cylindrical stick-like
bodies, while others have a
flattened, leaflike, shape.
•The body is often further
modified to resemble vegetation,
with ridges resembling leaf veins,
bark-like tubercles, and other
forms of camouflage.

73. •A few species, such as
Carausius morosus, are
even able to change
their pigmentation to
match their
surroundings.
•Many species are
wingless, or have
reduced wings

74. •Antennae long, slender
•Mouthparts mandibulate,
prognathous
•Body long, cylindrical
•Prothorax shorter than meso-
or metathorax
•Leg segments long and slender
•Tarsi 5-segmented
•Wings often reduced or absent
•Cerci short, unsegmented

75. Economic Importance
•In temperate zones,
walkingsticks are seldom
abundant enough to cause
injury to their host plants.
 
•In the tropics, however,
some species have been
known to defoliate forest
trees and cause economic
losses to shrubbery and
shade trees.

76. Indonesian stick insect
–Considered as a serious pest
on coconut
–Feeds mainly on coconut
palms (Cocos nucifera),
devouring the green tissue of
leaflets and sometimes the
youngest fronds.
–When population explosions of
this species occur, they can
result in defoliation of coconut
palms, leading to serious
losses to planters and village
communities.
Graeffea crouanii

77. •Four families and 2500
species
–Timematidae
–Pseudophasmatidae
–Heteronemiidae
–Phasmatidae

78. Timematidae (Timemidae = Phyllidae)
Leaf insects
•Tarsi 3 segmented
•Body resembling leaf

79. Pseudophasmatidae
•Mesothorax never more
than 3 times as long as
prothorax
•Middle and hind tibiae
deeply emarginate
apically, receiving the
base of tarsi in repose
Anisomorpha sp.

80. Heteronemiidae
(Common walking sticks)
•Wings absent
•First abdominal tergum
much shorter than
metanotum
•Vertex without spines

81. Phasmatidae
(Winged stick insects)
•Adults with short wings
•First abdominal tergum
as long as or longer
than metanotum
•Head with 2 stout
spines on vertex

82. •Phasmid eggs often resemble seeds.
  The eggs may remain
dormant for over a year before hatching.
•In some parts of the tropics, stick insects may be so
abundant that eggs falling out of the trees may sound like
rain on a tin roof.
•Some walkingsticks are sold as pets.
  They are easy to rear if
kept in a warm environment with fresh foliage from their
host plant.
•Glands located on the thorax of many species can produce a
foul-smelling liquid that repels predators.

83. •When attacked by a predator, the legs of some phasmids
may separate from the body (autotomy).
  Some species can
even regenerate lost legs at the next molt.
  These are the
only insects able to regenerate body parts.
•Several species produce offspring from unfertilized eggs
(parthenogenesis).
  Males may be uncommon or unknown.
•Some phasmids change color with changes in temperature,
humidity, or light intensity.
  Pigment granules in the
epidermis disperse at night or on cool days, darkening the
cuticle and absorbing more heat