Social and preventive pharmacy

The information in the ppt is taken from various reference book.

1. Social and Preventive Pharmacy

2. WHAT IS HEALTH?

3. CONCEPTS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE In 1947, WHO defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well- being not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Positive health – it implies the notion of perfect health in body and mind. It cannot become a reality, it always remain a dream because everything in our life is subject to change. Wellness- is a multidimensional state of being describing the existence of positive health in an individual as exemplified by quality of life and a sense of well-being.

4. DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH Determinants are defined as those predisposing factor which influence the health of a particular community.

5. DIMENSIONS OF GOOD HEALTH Physical Emotional Spiritual Intellectual Environmental Social

6. CONCEPT OF HEALTH Biomedical concept Traditionally health has been considered as an absence of the diseases and if someone was free from diseases then that person was considered healthy. This concept is known as Biomedical concept and it is based on the “germ theory of the disease”. Ecological concept Ecologists viewed health as a dynamic equilibrium between man and his environment and the disease as a maladjustment of the human organism to environment. Psychological concept Advances in social sciences showed that health is not only a biomedical phenomenon but one which is influenced by social, psychological, cultural, economic and political factors of the people concerned. Holistic concept Holistic concept recognizes the strength of social, economic, political and environmental influences on the health. It has been variously described as multidimensional process as its involve the wellbeing of the person as a whole.

7. Preventive Medicine Preventive medicine specialists works with large population groups as well as with individual patients to promote health and to understand the risk of disease, injury, disability and death. The main principle of preventive medicine is Prevention First. It is a science of study on the connection between the external environment and human health. The main goal of preventive medicine is the abscence of disease by preventing the occurence of a disease or by halting a disease. Preventive medicine can be practiced by governmental agencies, primary care physicians and the individual himself.

8. LEVELS OF PREVENTION

9. Principles of prevention

10. CHOLERA: PREVENTION AND CONTROL

11. Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine with the bacteria named as Vibrio cholera . Cholera is comma shaped, gram-negative aerobic or facultative anaerobic bacillus bacteria. It is more frequently occurs in adults as well as in children. Incubation period of cholera is from few hours upto 5 days. Incubation period is the time from exposure to the causative agent until the first symptoms developed.

12. Epidemiology

13. Agents or Factor The causative organism for cholera is V.cholerae The causative organism is present in faecal matter and vomits Periods of Communicability of carrier Convalescent carrier: A person who is clinically recovered from an infectious disease but still capable of transmitting the infectious agent to others is called Convalescent carrier. Chronic carrier: It is also known as asymptomatic carrier. Care/ Carrier Period of communicability Care 7-10days Convalescent carrier 2-3 weeks Chronic carrier from month to years

14. Mode of Transmission of cholerae

15. Diagnosis and Evaluation of cholera DIAGNOSIS PROPERTY Stool specimen 1. Gram staining and Dark field microscopy 2. Different methods such as Rectal swab method,Cather method and Blotting paper method,etc Rapid Diagnostic Test for Cholera (RDT) Crystal VC dipstick rapid test can be used when an outbreak of cholera Serological tests 1. Slide Agglutination Test 2. By using 0.85% sterile saline and polyvalent anti-cholera solution.

16. Treatment of Cholera Immediate and quick treatment within hours. Rehydration: Cholera requires immediate treatment of Rehydration to replace proper amount of fluids and electrolytes using a ORS. In some cases, Lactated Ringer solution (Mixture of sodium chloride, sodium lactate, potassium chloride, calcium chloride in water) is preferred. Intravenous fluids is given to a severely dehydrated people. Antibiotics treatment- after 3-4 hours antibiotics treatment should be started along with rehydration therapy. Tetracycline- 500mg, Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole- 160mg, Doxycycline- 300mg and Furazolidone- 100mg are some antibiotics used in treatment of Cholera ( to reduce cholera related diarrhea and shorten the effectiveness of symptoms). Zinc supplements are given along with ORS which can reduce the duration of severity of diarrheal episodes.

17. PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF CHOLERA ROLE OF DIARRHOEAL DISEASE CONTROL PROGRAM Implemented by government from time to time. Main purpose- To reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with diarrhoea. ORS packets are supplied at sub centres under the programme of CSSM ( Child survival and safe motherhood).

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