Social Change and Social Transformation.pdf

Social change

1. Law and Social Change
By
Prof.(Dr) Preeti Misra,
Head, Dept of Human Rights,
School of Legal Studies, Babasaheb Bhimrao
Ambedkar University, Lucknow,
E-Mail: [email protected]

2. Meaning of Social Change
H.T.Majumdar-
“Socialchangemaybedefined'asanewfashionor
mode,eithermodifyingorreplacingtheold,inthelife
ofapeople-orintheoperationofasociety.”(A
GrammarofSociology).
MaclverandPage-
"Socialchangereferstoaprocessresponsiveto
manytypesofchanges.Changesinman-made
conditionsoflife,tochangesintheattitude,and
beliefsofmen,andtochangesthatgobeyondthe
humancontroltothebiologicalandphysicalnatureof
things".(Society:Anintroductory,Analysis).

3. Gillinand Gillin-
•“Socialchangesarevariationsfromtheaccepted
modesoflifewhetherduetoalternationin
geographicalconditions,inculturalequipments,
compositionofthepopulationorideologies
whetherbroughtaboutbydiffusionorinventions-
withinthegroup".(CulturalSociology).
M.E. Jones-
•"Socialchangeisatermusedtodescribevariationsin,
ormodificationsof,anyaspectofsocialprocesses,
socialpatterns,socialinteractionorsocial
organization".(Basic,SociologicalPrinciples).

4. M.D.Jenson-
•"Socialchangemaybedefinedas
modificationinwaysofdoingandthinking
topeople".(IntroductiontoSociology).
M.Ginsberg-
•"Bysocialchange.Iunderstandachangein
socialstructuree.g.thesizeofasociety,the
compositionorbalanceofitspartsorthetype
ofitsorganization".(Socialchange,British
JournalofSociology,Sept.1958).

5. •S.Koening-“Socialchangereferstothemodifications
whichoccurinthelifepatternsofapeople”.
(sociology).
•AndersonandParker-"Socialchangeinvolves
alterationinthestructureandfunctioningofsocietal
formsorprocessesthemselves".(Society).
•AlvinToffler-"Changeistheprocessthroughwhich
futureinvadesourlife".(Futureshock).
•Definitionsquotedabovemakeuseofdifferentterms,
moreorlessintheiressencetheycomeclosuretothe
definitionofchangeintermsof-socialstructure
andfunction.

6. FEATURES AND DIMENSIONS OF SOCIAL
CHANGE
•Itisclearfromtheforegoingdiscussionsthatsocial
changeIsaveryvast,complicatedandmultifaceted
processhavinginnumerablecausesaswellas
consequences.
•Soanyattempttospecifyitsfeaturesanddimensions
undersomeheadingsmustbefutile.
•Since,what-everschemewegive,itwillbesubjectto
errorslikeomissionof-someelements,orunnecessary
inclusionofsomewhichotherwisecanbeexcludedor
repetitionofsomeelements.
•However,forthesakeofconvenience,onemay
beginasfollows:-

7. Social change is asocial
•“SocialChangearenotinanysenseaproductofthe
societyperseoraconsequenceofsomeuniversalor
unvaryinglawofsociallife".
•Itissomethingdifferentfromthechangesthattakeplace
inindividualorganisms.Organicchangesinvariablytake
placeinallorganismasanessentiallawandfollowsa
particularpatternof'birth,growth,maturityanddeaths.
•Societylikeanorganismneverdieswhichbringsabouta
completeendtoit.Newcivilizationandsocietiesget
ripenedinthewombofoldsocietiesandthereby
retainingsomeofitselements,maybeinatransformed
form.
•Thus,thesocialchangeisdifferentfromindividual
change-Itscausesandconsequencesarealwayssocial
whichmakeitasocial.

8. Socialchange involveselements of
predictabilityaswellasunpredictability
•Largely,socialchangeisunpredictableandyetitinvolvessome
elementsforpredictability.Itisunpredictablebecauseofthe
complexityofdynamicpatterns"-thatis,interplayofinnumerable-
numbersofuncontrolledvariables.SocialphenomenaAremulti
causalandmultidimensional.
•Thereisalsonoconstancyofcausativefactorsinsociallife.
Moreover,thereoccursaconstantintermixtureofcauseandeffect
intheprocessofchange.
•Sociallifeisnotasuitablegroundfortheoperationofthelogicallaw
that,thesamecausemustproducethesameactundersimilar
conditions,owingtomanyoftheuncontrolledandevenmany
unknownsocialvariables.
•Aparticulareventmayproduceaparticulareffectataparticular
pointoftimeandanothereffectatanotherpointoftimebecauseof
itsinteractionwith,varyingconditions.Thismakesitquitedifficult,
evenattimes,erroneoustohaveanydefinitepredictionaboutthe
futurechange.

9. Asocial is not sociable, withdrawn, avoiding the society of
others. Antisocial is unable or unwilling to socialise in a
normal or friendly way, antagonistic, hostile, consistently
ignoring/upsetting the rights of others.
•Asocial behaviour is a personal refusal to interact with
other people. It is also used in terms (with medical
professionals) for those with mental illness (such as
myself) who choose not to be social with others because
of their shame or guilt (examples) associated with their
illness.

10. •Butviewingitfromanotherangle,onecansee,some
elementsorpossibilitiesforprediction..Ashasalready
beenreferredearlier,neworders,ornewpatternsripen
withintheoldorderoroldpatternsandtherebysustains
someofitselements.
•Again,change.isnotaBreakPointnoraDestruction
Point.Throughtheprocess,theoldordergets
transformedtonewones,retainingsomeofItsearlier
elementsinsomeformorotherSuchaphenomenon,
oftentermedas"PersistentPatterns",leavessomeroom
forpredictions'Tomorrowwillnotbequitedifferentand
contradictoryfromto-dayandyesterday.Itwillfall
somewherenearer.

11. Social change is a Process of synchronization
•Socialchangemaybeviewedasaprocessofsynchronization.Any
changeinasystemcomesasaforeignandunwantedagentsince
theverynatureofsocietyistopersistitself,Ofcourse,changedoes
notalwaysleadtodestructionbutitdisturbsthe"establishedand
organizationallypreferredstructuresandprocessoflife".
•Theoldtrends,'patterns,ordersofsociallifecollidewithnewly
emergingones,creatingrevisionsandstrain'sinsociallife.Sucha
phenomenoncontinuesforatransitoryperiod.
•Graduallynewerelementsgetfusedintotheoldordereitherby
replacementorbymodificationorbytransformation,ofolderones.
Andtheprocessofchangebecomesasynchronizationofoldand
newthathelpthesocialstructuretomaintainitself.
•For,ifastructuredoesnotadaptitselftothenewcircumstances
andrigidlytriestomaintainthesamestructurefortoolong,itmay
altogetherlooseitsintegrityandidentityasasystem.

12. Speed and Rate of change is not uniform
•Socialchangeoccursatdifferentrateandspeedatdifferent
pointsoftime.Inotherwords,therateandspeedofsocial
changeisnotuniformandisverymuchconditionedbytime.
•Therateandspeedofchangeinmoderntimeisfarrapidthan
thatoftheancienttime.Suchavariationtakesplace-
becauseofanumberofinterrelatedcauses.
•Thisprocessofdiffusionsismoreeasierandfasterinmodern
timesthanthatofearliertimes,becauseofbetteravailability
ofmassmediaandworkofchange-agentsatdifferentlevels.
•Thisagainaddstothephenomenalgrowthofinnovationsand
discoveries,Further,thedemandforinnovation,mentalability
forinnovation,readinessforchangeetc.alsocontributes
towardsfasterrateofchange.
•Thesefactorsintheirturn,aretheproductsofrapidcultural
assimilationwithinventions,increasinglevelofconsciousness
andawarenessetc.

13. Social change is cumulative and follows a
chain-reaction pattern
•Theconditionsforaneworderispreparedwithintheoldorder
itself.Forexample,industrializationcameupasaresultof
newmodesofthinkingandnewinnovationsanddiscoveries.
•Thisdestroyedoratleastweakenedthedomesticsystemof
productione.g.cottageindustries,smallfarmsetc.
•Theestablishmentoflarge-scaleindustriesinparticular
centresbroughtwomenoutfromhometofactory.She
became-economicallyindependentandgraduallytriedtobe
freefromthebondageandcontrolofman.
•Theprocessdidnotendthere.This.hadafurtherimpacton
familylife.Centralisationofindustriesatsomepockets
resultedinurbanisation,heavyrural-urbanmigrationwhich
againnecessitated,newlawsandnormsforregulationof
urbanlife.Inthisway,thechainwentontillitaffectedthe
wholesociallife.

14. Change involves shocks
•Changemayinvolveshock.Agreatlyacceleratedrateof
changeinsociety,wayresultinbewilderments,
frustrationsanddisorientationsincetheindividualmind
takestimetocopeupwithchange.Whenanewculture
israpidlysuper-imposedonan-oldone,alotof
dislocationsarecaused,whichneedsaseriesof
rearrangementsandreorientations.Suchphenomena
taketime.
•Buttheraceofchangedemandsquickadaptations
whichresultsin,astateofanomieintheindividualmind.
Onceagain,(theclashbetweenoldstructureandvalues
withthatofnewonesputstheindividualsinastateof
undecidednessandconfusions.Ofcourse,sucha
situationprevailsforatransitoryperiod.But,ifthe
Adaptivemechanismsarenotproperlygearedup,its
impactbecomesvery,acute.

15. Quantitative Changes
•Thechangesthatcanbecalculatedintermsofnumbers,unitsand
theamountofwhichcanbeascertainedwithsomedegreeof
exactitudemaybetermedasquantitativechanges.
•Forexample,changesInpopulation,numberandcomposition,per
capitaincome,percapitaconsumption,increaseordecreasein
numberoffamilyunits,changesinnumbersofbusiness,educational
andrecreationalorganisationsareallbutfewexamplesof
quantitativesocialchange.
•Itisnottruethatquantitativechangealwaysgoesinthedirectionof
increaseandgrowth.Forexample,inAmericansociety,therehas
beenaspectaculardecreaseinbirthrates,deathrates,personsper
household,percapitaconsumptionoffatetc.
•Quantitativechangesarewellamenabletofuturepredictions.Itcan
bepredictedwithagreatdegreeofconfidence-howmanyschools,
howmanyfamilydwellingsetc.willbenecessaryforthecoming
yearevenforthecomingdecade.
•Inmakingsuchpredictions,"projectionsofpastquantitative
changes"aregenerallytakenintoaccount.

16. Qualitative Changes
•But,thereareotherkindsofchangewhicharenoteasytobe,putin
quantitativeterms.Theycannotbecounted.Theyaretobe
evaluatedandcomparedintheirdepth,natureandcharacter.
•Thesechangesarequalitativeinnature.Itmay"occurinanyaspect
ofthesocialsystem-inthetoolsandotherartifactsusedbythe
members;intheirtechnologicalprocess;intheirinformalorformal
modesofassociation;intheirlanguageanditssupplements;
writing,pictorialrepresentationetc;intheirmodesofsocialization
andsocialcontrol,includinglaw;inthebodyofmyths,legendsand
ideologies;intheirmoralconcepts;orintheirsentiments,opinions,
values,tastes,prejudices,orthelike".
•'Discoveryanduseofnewsourcesofpowerandenergy,
developmentinsurancesystems(likelifeinsurance,commercial
insurance,vehicleinsuranceetc.)progressiveurbanisationetc.are
someoftheotherexamplesofqualitativechangesthataremore
clearlyvisibleincontemporarytime.
•Itisinfactthisqualitativechangethatdistinguishesasocietyfrom
theotherandalsothesamesocietyat,differentpointsoftime.
Hence,asLapiereremarks"itisthequalitativerather,
quantitativechangesthatareofprimarysignificanceinsocial
change."

17. Social Transformation
•SocialTransformationreferstoanorchestrated,
systemic(Universal,total)andrevolutionary
overhauloftheglobalchurch,includingthe
“transformation”ofcities,societies,cultures,
marketplaces,andmore.
•Can be defined as “transformation of consciousness,” “a
newseeing,” “conscious evolution,” and a “paradigm
change.”
•metamorphosis: i.e., a complete change, such as a
caterpillar turning into a butterfly.

18. •Inreality,“transformation”issubstantialanddeep,intent
onre-forgingtheveryfoundationsofthegovernanceof
theentireearth.
•Theword“transformation”nowindicatesasocietal,
culturalandglobalrevolution.
•Theterm“transformation”isusedtodescribeaplanned,
intentional“SecondReformation”.
•This“transformation”isnotpersonalbutisapplied
corporatelytogroupsandentities.Oneexampleis:
“Socialtransformationisdefinedasseekingpositive
changeinthewholeofhumanlifematerially,sociallyand
spiritually.”

19. Stages of Social Transformation
Forming
Storming
NormingPerforming
Transforming

20. FACTORS OF SOCIAL CHANGE
•CULTURALFACTOROFSOCIALCHANGE
•Culture,theverybasisofsocialcontinuity,itselfworksas
amajorcauseofsocialchange.Itisneedlesstore-
emphasizethefactthatsocietyandcultureareinter-
wovenwitheachother.
•Cultureis,theinternallifeforcesofsociety.Any
variationInthecultureitselfnecessarilyand
inevitablyleadstosocialchange.Socialchangetakes
placebecauseof(1)thedynamismofthecultureitself
and,(2)thedeterminingroleofculture.

21. 1. DYNAMISM OF CULTURE
How and why culture changes
•Culture,asisdefinedbyTylorrefersto--
thatcomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,
art,morals,law,customandothercapabilitiesacquired
bymanasamemberofsociety.
•Culturebynatureissocial,shared,transmissive,
continuous,cumulativeandadaptive.Thisverynatureof
culturemakesitdynamic.
•Besides,thereareahostofotherinternalaswellas
externalvariablesthatinteractuponthecultureand
causechangeswithinit.These'causescanbebroadly
arrangedundertwoheadingsI.e.non-humanand
human.

22. •(a)Thenon-humanstimulimostlycomefrom
thephysicalenvironment.Theenvironmental
causeslikeclimate,rainfall,qualityofthesoil,
earth-quake,humanandplantecologyetc.
causechangesintheculture.Thehistoryof
humancivilisationisfullofwithmanysuch
evidences.
•(b)Thehumanstimulicomemostlyfromthe
processofsocialinnovationsandtheprocessof
socialacceptanceofthatinnovation.Innovation
denotesthefunctionofaknown-habitbya
singleindividualwhichissubsequentlyaccepted
bythemembersofSociety.

23. •'Onlytheinnovationsarenotenoughtocauseany
significantchangeinculture.Theirsocialacceptance
bythemajorityofthemassisofcrucialimportance.
Changecomesforthonlywhenpeoplecommonlyshare
anewitemeitherborrowedorinvented.
•Theprocessofacceptanceofinnovationsisaffectedby
anumberoffactors.Forexample,ifthenatureof
inventeditemisinconformitywiththecultural
patternofagroup,thentheitemislikelytobeadopted
rapidly.
•Theuseofcontraceptivesandbirthcontrolmechanisms
couldnotbepopularisedinIndiaasitwentagainstthe
culturalethosanddivinebeliefs.Thisisthereasonfor
whichthewesternculture,thoughwasprogressive,was
resistedbytheconservativeIndians.
•Processofadoptionalsodependsupontheprestige
andtheimageoftheinventoraswellastheinitiator
oftheprocessofadoption.IftheInventorandthe
initiatorhaveanundisputedsocialimage,thenthe
inventiontheyprofesswillbeadoptedeasilybythe
people.

24. The Determining Role of Culture
• Culturedeterminesthespeedanddirectionofsocialchange.If
thecultureistoomuchconservativeandirrationalthenthe
speedandrateofchangegenerallybecomestoolow.Onthe
otherhand,ifitislessrigid,flexibleandlogicalthenthe
changeismorelikelytocomeup.Thereadinessofthepeople
toacceptchangedependsupontheirvaluesandattitudes,which
aretheproductsoftheculture.
• Culturegivesdirectiontotechnology.Maclvercomments,
"Culturalfactorinturnnotonlyisresponsivetotechnological
changebutalsoactsbackonit,soastoinfluenceItsdirection
anditscharacters."
• Forexampletheatomicenergycanbeusedforwarand
destructionandalsoforpeaceandprogress.Theusewemakeof
itdependson,ourpurposes,needsandattitudes.Notonlythe
useoftechnologybutalsothetechnologicalinnovationitself
isdependentupontheculture.
• Culturenotonlygivesdirectiontotechnology,industryand
historicaltransformation,butalsoshapestheeconomyandis
toomucheffectivetowardseconomicgrowth.

25. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS OF SOCIAL CHANGE
•Thelastfewdecadeshavewitnessedmanystartling
examplesofsocialchangescausedbytechnological
revolution.Inthepresentera,technologyhasbeenan
inevitablepartofindividualaswellassociallife.
•Infact,nomodernmanorsocietycansustainwithout
technology.Owingtoitsuniversalpresenceand
immenseimportanceinsociallife,thepresentagehas
beenvariouslytermedas'super-technocraticage','post-
industrialsociety','Ageofmachines',etc.Notonlyinthe
presentage,technologyhasbeenplayingitsdecisive
rolethroughouthumanhistory.
•Itwasthetechnologicaldevelopment,howcrudeor
simpleitmightbe,thatchangedthenomadicbarbarian
lifeintosettledagriculturallife.'Subsistenceeconomy'of
primitivebarbarianphasewastransformedtoa'surplus
agriculturaleconomy'withthedevelopmentof
agriculturaltechnology.Fromthattime,technologyhas
beeneffectingchangesinhumansocietyininnumerable
ways.

26. DemographicFactor of Social Change
•Demographicfactorhasbeencontributingtothe
greattransformationsinsociety'ssocioeconomic
andpoliticalstructurethroughouthumanhistory.
•Theprincipalcomponentsofdemographic
factorarenaturalreproduction,migrationand
socialmobility.
•Theseprocessesintheirtermsetinmotion,the
othercomponentslikesexratio,ageratio,racial
inter-mixturewhichultimatelyeffectchangesin
marriage,familyandsocialinterrelationships.

27. IDEOLOGICAL FACTORS OF SOCIAL CHANGE
•Inthecontemporarysocietytheword'ideology'hasbecomea
fashionableconcept.Manygreatideasare"intheair"whether
practicalorutopian,rightorwrong,conservativeorpragmatic.
•Sociologicalresearchinthisfieldrevealthatthereisa
continuousreciprocalinteractionbetweenman'sthought-
worldandtheouterworld.Theinter-relationissoclosethat
man'sdifferentideas,ideologies,andbeliefsystemresultin
variedactions.
•Thus,behindeveryinvention,discovery,progressand
development,wefindasetofideasofideologies.
•An'ideology'maybedefined'asasystemofbeliefleadingto
alineofconduct,bothpublicandprivateandsupported,
whenever,itispoliticallyimportant,byapriesthoodor
somethinganalogous.‘
•Generally,ideologyreferstoasetofbeliefsorthoughtsina
particulardirectionaboutaparticularproblem.Ideologiesare
tendencies,notrevealeddogmas.Itmaybeacceptedor
rejectedaccordingtotheprevailingattitudesofindividuals
andsociety.

28. Legislation as a Factor Of Social Change
•Law a means of social control.
•In Ancient India-Two Mechanisms of Social
conformity are Dharma & Achara (custom)
•Dharma has four sources--Vedas, Shruti, Smiriti,
sadachara
•“Immemorial custom is transcendent law”—
Manu
•Many customs recognized in codified personal
laws-pluralistic, tolerant society-freedom to each
group to develop in its own way

29. E.G.RegardingRemarriageofwidow,Sati,
Divorce,polygamyHinducustomscodifiedbut
Muslimsstillgovernedbytheirpersonallaws
•Twoviewsregardingfunctionsoflaw
A)toreinforceexistingmodesandprovide
uniformprocedurefortheevaluationand
punishmentofdeviancefromtheexistingrules
tomaintainsocialstability.
B)Dynamicroleoflaw.Socialcontrolplussocial
changebyinfluencingbehaviour,beliefsand
values
•Indynamicsocietysocialnormsareaheadof
legalnorms.

30. Legalnormsmustbebroughtinconformitywith
socialnormssothatmajoritygroupmayadoptnew
socialvalues.
•As an instrument of social change, law involves
two interrelated processes.
•Institutionalizationofnewpatternofbehaviour
manifestingnewsocialvaluesbynew
enactments.Anydevianceispunishable.
•Mereinstitutionalizationisnotsufficient,asit
maybeletteroflawwithoutanysocialforce.
•Forlawtobecomeactivesocialforce,there
mustbeinternalizationofnewpatternof
behaviourintheindividual.

31. CodificationofHinduLaws-polygamygavewayto
monogamy.Marriagestillsacrament.
•Untouchability-inspiteofoffence(Protectionof
CivilRightsAct,1955)notyetremoved,legal
normaheadofsocialnorms.
•Prohibition-merelegislationwithoutsupportof
publicopinionisfutile.
•Socialvaluesandattitudesareimportantforthe
successofsociallegislation.

32. Models of Social Development
•(i)CapitalistModel
• Theethosofthismodelisfreedomtoentrepreneur
(ofopeningindustryorengagingintrade),toworker(of
sellinglabour),totrader(ofbuyingandsellinggoods),
andtoindividual(ofbuyingandconsuming).However,it
doesnotacceptequalityasvalue.Itregards
inequalitiesasdirectlyrelatedtotheindolenceof
individual.
•(ii)SocialistModel
• Thismodelisnotinfavourofdemocratization.It
wantsstatedominatedbyworkers.Thesocialistmodel
mayeitherbetheRussianmodelortheChinesemodel.
TheRussianmodelisheavyindustry-orientedurban
basedmodelwhiletheChinesemodelisindustry-
orientedruralbasedmodel.

33. Alternate Model of Development Adopted in
India
•Indianmodelofsocialdevelopment,basedonsocialist
ideologyandcalled'democraticcollectivism,'is
differentfromtheabove-mentionedmodels.Itisnot
basedonconflictbutonconsensus.Itisdemocratization
throughadjustment.
•Unlikethecapitalistmodel,itisnotcallousto,common
manandunliketheRussianandChinesemodels,itis
notbasedonsuppressionofindividuals.Itaimsat
creatinga'socialistpatternofsociety'.
•ItprotectstheinterestsofbothindividualandtheState.it
aimsatdistributivejusticepopularparticipation,and
socialintegration.Itdoesnotaimatabolitionofprivate
propertybutfocusesonthepublicownershipofthebasic
andmajorindustries.SocialisminIndiacertainlylacks
theideologicalcentralityithasinChina.

34. Alternate Model of Development Adopted in
India
•Atthetimeofindependence,thereweretwoschools
withintherulingCongressparty-onewhichsupported
socialismandotherwhichopposedit.Yetsocialismwas
adoptedasadevelopmentmodelforthefutureandas
thebasicstrategyfortherestructuringofruralsociety
andforexpandingstatecontrolofthemeansofindustrial
production.
•Thegovernment'sapproachtoprivateenterpriseandto
theroleofthestateinindustrialdevelopmentwas
indicatedinIndustriesDevelopmentandRegulationAct
whichprovidedthatnonewindustrialunitorsubstantial
expansionofexistingplantscouldbemadewithouta
licensefromtheCentralGovernment.Thisrulewas,
however,liberalizedintheeconomicpolicyadoptedby
thegovernmentin1992.

35. Goals of Social Change in India
•Atthetimeofpoliticalindependenceofthecountry,many
intellectualsfeltthatIndiahadfailedtomodernizeitselfnot
becauseitlackedthewherewithaltodevelop.But,ithadbeen
thevictimofcapitalistimperialism.
•Thesocio-culturaltransformationwehadinitiateddecadesago
andtheonewhichwewanttoplanforthecomingdecadesaims
atstructuralchangeswhichcouldmeettheemergingneedsand
aspirationsofthepeople.
•Thecollectivegoalswehadplannedtoachieveintheveryfirst
decadeoftherepublicweresocial,economic,politicaland
cultural.
•Thesocialgoalswere:equality,justice,freedom,rationality,and
individualism.Theeconomicgoalsinclude:distributivejustice
andeconomicrationalisminplaceofeconomictheology.The
politicalgoalswere:establishingapoliticalsystemwherethe
rulerisaccountabletotheruled,decentralizationofpolitical
power,andassociatingmoreandmorepeoplewiththedecision-
makingprocesses.Ourculturalgoalwasachangefromthe
sacredtothesecularideology.

36. Goals of Social Change in India
•Tocreateastrongeststate.Thiswasnecessary
becausehistorically,politicalauthorityinIndiahadbeen
fragmented.Afterindependence,itwasfearedthatthe
religious,linguistic,caste,tribal,class,etc.forcesmay
furtherattempttofragmentauthority.
•Strongfederalgovernmentwithsomeauthoritytostate
governmentsalonewouldthwartattemptsofsuch
fragmentation.
•Tomodernizetheeconomy.Thiswasnecessaryfor
raisingthelowpercapitaincome,formakingthecountry
self-reliant,andforhavinganindigenouscapitalgoods
sectorwhichisnotdependentonforeignprivatecapital.

37. Goals of Social Change in India
•Tocreateasocialistpatternofsociety.Thiswas
necessarytorestrictbutnoteliminatetheroleofprivate
capitalistsandemphasizepublicownershipofmajor
industries.
•Toreduceinequalitiesamongcastes,regions,and
classes.
•Topreservefundamentalhumanrights,suchasright
offreespeech,rightoffreereligiousexpression,rightof
politicalparticipation,andsoforth.
•Toestablishasocietywhereindividualswouldbe
motivatedbyspiritofselflessness,sacrifice,co-operation
andidealism.

38. Hindrances to Social Change
•CasteSystem
•Illiteracy,IgnoranceandFear
•TheValues
•ThePowerElite
•PopulationExplosion