Social class about colonisation. .pptx

Social class about decolonisation

1. Global Events Leading Up to Decolonization Imperialism Growing Nationalism World War I World War II Cold War

2. WWI’s influence Promises of self-determination Use of colonial soldiers in trenches Locals filled posts left by colonial powers during war Financial strain on empire Treaty of Versailles

3. Metropolis-Colony Relations Economic crisis between wars that led to WWII, that favoured The apparition of liberation movement The bipolarization of the world made easier the creation of these movements

4. Economic crisis and WWII Metropolis became feeble due to the economic crisis Colonies were isolated due to the War Metropolis inverted fewer money in the colonies This helped the Decolonization process

5. Other aspects of WWII Increased nationalist uprisings following WWI (as a result of the global depression) Costs of empire US support of anti-colonial liberation movements Atlantic Charter (1941) “right of all people to choose the form of government under which they live” Soviets condemned colonialism

6. Cold War Provided inspiration a blend of capitalist and socialist economies and agendas. Provided arms to those who sided with one or the other (proxy wars and arms races). Encouraged violent recourse for some as a result of the power politics of cold war competition.

7. Decolonization causes Growing strength of nationalism in the colonies International opposition Democracies opposed to racism after WWII Big superpowers opposed to colonialist control Ideologies such as communism opposed to it Superpowers pressure to put an end to colonialism

8. Decolonization causes Old colonial empires preferred to begin the decolonization process: New European governments opposed to racist theories Empires were expensive to maintain They preferred to focus on Europe rather than in the colonies Neo-colonialism was more appropriate for the new situation

9. Cultural causes Metropolis maintained links with colonies through press, media, etc Some supra-national organizations keep the links with the colonies such as the case of the Commonwealth and the activities related to this, specially in the sport field.

10. Political causes United Kingdom and France created `clubs´ to continue their link with the new independent states These supra-national institutions were aimed at helping the new states in economy, culture and policy They used to meet with a deter frequency

11. Military causes Metropolis maintained armies in the colonies to safeguard peace Some states established bases in the old colonies The metropolis intervened to support some regimes In some areas such as in Africa the intervention of the metropolis was `at will´

12. Social causes Economic help was given Not given by the mother country Given by the mother country with a counterpart: buy products made in that mother country Europeans sold weapons in the colonies Poor militarised countries were frequently involved in wars

13. Economic causes Colonial economies depend on a limited Number of products Multinationals that have been in a country kept their activity Regions in which the new governments nationalised the industries were penalised Enterprises from the metropolis continued having links with the ex - colonies

14. Other Powers’ Intervention Some of the founder members of the EU established links with the Third World and wanted to include their old colonies The 1963 Yaoundé Convention focused on: Offer markets to the ex – colonies Economic helps given to the colonies to spend in their trade with the metropolis Lome I (1975) and Lome II (1980) agreements created new social meassures for the poor

15. Liberation Movements They were possible thanks to the colonial elites, whose sons were educated in European countries The new elites defended the national values The influence of the communism was also important

16. Bipolarization The anti-colonialism was put into practice It made easier the creation of the ONU, that determined The right to auto determination The equality between countries It legitimated the decolonization process

17. Process of Decolonization and Nation-Building Surge of anti-colonial nationalism after 1945. Leaders used lessons in mass politicization and mass mobilization of 1920’s and 1930’s. Three patterns: Civil war (China) Negotiated independence (India and much of Africa) Incomplete de-colonization (Palestine, Algeria and Southern Africa, Vietnam)

18. The Decolonization Process It happened in Asia Africa Near East and Israel

19. China Japanese invasion interrupted the 1920s and 1930s conflict between the Communists (Mao Zedong) and the Guomindang (Chiang Kai-shek) During the war, CCP expanded peasant base, using appeals for women (health care, divorce rights, education access, graduated taxes, cooperative farming). Growth of party during the war in part through use of anti-Japanese propaganda. Resumption of civil war after Japanese surrender. 1949 Great People’s Revolution- Mao; Nationalist leaders fled to Taiwan.

20. India India and other Asian colonies were the first to establish independence movements. Western-educated minorities organized politically to bring about the end of modification of colonial regimes.

21. Africa Nationalists composed of ex-servicemen, urban unemployed & under-employed, and the educated. Pan-Africanism (Marcus Garvey) and Negritude (Senghor) Senghor (Senegal) and Dubois (African-American) 

22. Chronology of decolonization 20s-30s 1919 - To UK German colonies & mandates on ex-Ottoman empire countries. 1922 - Egypt given complete independence. ->Apart from Suez Canal zone. -Both acquiring & relinquishing colonies at the same time. 1923 - Rhodesia gains limited self governance. ->White farming elite minority gained self-governance powers, not black majority. 1931 - Statute of Westminster Act to give effect to resolutions from Imperial Conferences 1926 & 1930. Gave increased power to the Dominion states. Complete control of domestic affairs and most foreign affairs Still governor general. Appeals still went to House of Lords. Few other small reservations of power but Dominion states made effectively independent.

23. Chronology of decolonization 20s-30s 1932 - Iraq gains independence. 1932 - Ottawa conference. Empire countries got favourable trading terms with Britain. Helped Dominion states (& colonies) but harmed Britain. Dominion states able to avoid protectionist tariffs & quotas within empire. Able to export raw materials to Britain. Form of protectionism for the empire. Sept 1939 - Britain declared war on Germany. Colonies expected to join war also. Dominions declared war also.

24. Key factors of decolonization 1918-39 Growth of Socialism USSR Influence. Lenin regarded colonies as a stage of capitalism. Labour governments in the UK. Socialist attitude was generally anti-colonial. Population growth across the world. Growth of the middle classes Particularly in India. Problems with world trade Great depression etc. Growth in nationalism (?) Historians disagree on this point.