social structure.pptx

a detailed study about social structure

1. Social Structure Franklin S. Ghoroza

2. Meaning of Social Structure Social structure is the organized set of social institutions and patterns of institutionalized relationships that together compose society. Social structure is both a product of social interaction and directly determines it.

3. Definition of Social Structure Talcott Parsons(1951)- “Social structure is a term applied to the particular arrangement of interrelated institutions, agencies and social patterns as well as status and roles which each person assumes in the group.” A. R. Radcliffe- “Components of social structure are human beings, the structure itself being an arrangement of persons in relationship institutionally defined and regulated.”

4. Elements of Social Structure (1) Values: At the top level are the societal values. These are the most general or abstract normative conceptions of what the ideal society itself would be like. Individuals or groups are found to be emotionally committed to values. These values help to integrate personality or a system of interaction. (2) Groups and Institutions: Social structure can be viewed in terms of inter relationships of the component parts. Social structure includes social groups and institutions. These are called the major groups and institutions. Four of these – the family, economic institutions, political institutions and religious institutions – centre upon getting food and other items of wealth, procreation, worship and ruling.

5. Contd ….. (3) Organizations: In the larger societies of modern time, human beings deliberately establish certain organizations for the pursuit of their specific ends or purposes. These organizations, very often called associations, are group manifestations of life and common interests. To quote Maclver and Page, “The associations constitute the most conspicuous part of the social structure and they gain in coherence, definite number and efficacy as the conditions of the society grow more complex”. (4) Collectivities: There are specialized collectivities such as families, firms, schools, political parties etc. (Differentiated institutional patterns almost directly imply the existence of collective and role units whose activities have different kinds of functional significance).

6. Contd ….. (5) Roles: Finally, within all such collectivities one can distinguish types of roles. “Concretely these are the relevant performances of their individual occupants. Functionally, they are contributions to collective goal attainment”. Role occupants are expected to fulfill their obligations to other people (who are also role occupants). For example, in family the husband has obligations towards his wife. According to Nodal, the elements of social structure are roles. (6) Norms: According to H.M. Johnson, sub-groups and roles are governed by social norms. Social norms are of two types: ( i ) obligatory or relational and (ii) permissive or regulative. Some norms specify positive obligations. But they are not commonly applied to all the roles and sub-groups. For example, the positive obligations of a family are not the same as those of business firm.

7. Types of Social Structure Talcott Parsons has described 4 principal types of social structure. His classifications is based on four social values – universalistic social values , particularistic social values , achieved social values and ascribed social values .

8. Contd … Universalistic social values are those which are found almost in every society and are applicable to everybody. Particularistic social values are the features of particular societies and these differ from society to society. When the statuses are achieved on the basis of efforts it means that such societies attach importance to achieved social values. When the statuses are hereditary even the society gives importance to ascribed social statuses.

9. Universalistic –achievement pattern This is the combination of the value patterns which sometimes opposed to the values of a social structure built mostly around kinship,community,class and race. Under this type of social structure, the choice of goal by the individual must be in accord with the universalistic values. His pursuits are defined by universalistic moral norms. Such a system is dynamically developing norms. Such a system is dynamically developing system with an encouragement for initiative.

10. Universalistic ascriptions pattern under this type of social structure the elements of value-orientation are dominated by the elements of ascription. Therefore in such a social structure strong emphasis is laid on the status of the individual rather than on his specific achievements. The emphasis is on what an individual is rather than on what he has done. Status is ascribed to the group rather than to the individuals. The individual derives his status from his group. In this type of social structure all resources are mobilized in the interest of the collective ideal.

11. Particularistic-Achievement Pattern This type combines achievement values with particularim.The primary criterion of valued achievement is found not in universalistic terms such as conformity to a generalized ideal or efficiency but these are focussed on certain points of reference within the relational system itself or are inherent in the situation. The emphasis on achievement leads to the conception of a proper pattern of adaption which is a product of human achievement and which are maintained by continuous efforts.

12. Particularistic-ascriptive pattern In this type also the social structure is organized around the relational reference points notably those of kinship and local community but it differs from the particularistic achievement type in as much as the relational values are taken as given and passively adapted to rather than make for an actively organized system. The structure tends to be traditionalistic and emphasis is laid on its stability.

13. Thankyou!