Society Concept, Meaning and Definition�Approaches-Individual and Society,Social Structure of Indi a

Different scholars have defined society in various ways:

Anthony Giddings, ‘Society is the union itself, the organization, the sum of formal relations in which associating individuals are bound together.
Talcott Parson ‘Society may be defined as the total complex of human relationships in so far as they grow out of action in terms of mean-end relationships intrinsic or symbolic.’
R.T. LaPierre ‘Society refers not to a group of people but to the complex pattern of norms of interaction that arise among and between them’.

1. Society Concept, Meaning and Definition Approaches-Individual and Society, Social Structure of India Humanities And Built Environment MAP 114 Submitted to Ar. Rajni Taneja Submitted by Samiya Tazeen M.Arch (Pedagogy) 1 st semester

2. Society Different scholars have defined society in various ways: Anthony Giddings, ‘Society is the union itself, the organization, the sum of formal relations in which associating individuals are bound together. Talcott Parson ‘Society may be defined as the total complex of human relationships in so far as they grow out of action in terms of mean-end relationships intrinsic or symbolic.’ R.T. LaPierre ‘Society refers not to a group of people but to the complex pattern of norms of interaction that arise among and between them’.

3. Concept of Society with respect to Sociology In sociology, society is defined as A group of people who live together and share a common culture, values, and beliefs. These shared elements bind individuals together and create a sense of social order. Societies are dynamic and constantly changing, influenced by various factors such as technology, politics, and economics . The term society is derived from the Latin word ‘socius’ which means ‘association, companionship, togetherness. Thus, society refers to a group of people living together with shared cultures, having social interactions and inter-relationships. In sociology, the term society refers not to a group of people but to the complete pattern of the norms of interaction that arise among them. It is a process rather than a thing, motion rather than structure. The important aspect of society is the system of relationships, the patterns of norms of interaction by which the members of society maintain themselves.

4. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIETY

5. SOCIAL STRUCTURE Social structure refers to the organized patterns of relationships and institutions that shape social interactions and processes. It encompasses the social hierarchy, roles, and institutions that provide a framework for social order and stability. SHARED CULTURE It give meaning to life within a society. It also includes language, customs, traditions, art, and forms of expression that are passed down from generation to generation.

6. SOCIAL NORMS AND ROLES Social norms dictate appropriate behaviour within a society, while social roles define the expectations and responsibilities associated with different positions within the social structure. Norms and roles provide guidelines for individual behaviour and help maintain social cohesion. SOCIAL CHANGE Societies are dynamic and constantly evolving , influenced by various factors such as technology politics economics, and social movements. Change can be gradual or rapid, and it can have profound impacts on the lives of individuals and communities.

7. SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO STUDYING SOCIETY Sociologists employ various approaches to study society, each providing a unique lens through which to understand social phenomena. Two primary approaches are

8. MACROSOCIOLOGY Macrosociology examines large-scale social structures, institutions, and processes, such as the economy the government social stratification It focuses on broad patterns of social organization and examines how these structures influence the lives of individuals and groups. Macrosociologists study topics such as: Social stratification: Social class, inequality, and social mobility Social institutions: The economy, government, education, and family Social movements: Collective actions aimed at social change Globalization: The interconnectedness of societies and cultures

9. MICROSOCIOLOGY Microsociology focuses on small-scale social interactions and processes, such as interpersonal relationships group dynamics social identity formation It examines how individuals interpret and experience social phenomena within their immediate social environments. Microsociologists study topics such as: Social interaction: Face-to-face interactions, group dynamics, and communication Social identity: The self and social roles Social construction of reality: How individuals and groups create and maintain social meanings Social deviance: Behaviour that violates social norms In addition to these two broad approaches, various specialized fields within sociology delve into specific aspects of society, such as gender dynamics, racial and ethnic relations, cultural patterns, and political structures.

10. RELATION BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY The relationship between individuals and society is a complex and multifaceted one. While individuals and societies are often seen as separate entities, they are in fact deeply interconnected and mutually interdependent. Individuals shape society Individuals are the building blocks of society. They are the ones who create, maintain, and shape the social structures, institutions, and norms that define a society. From the way we interact with each other to the way we organize our economies and governments; individual actions and choices play a crucial role in shaping society. Individuals also shape society through their innovations, creativity, and contributions to culture. Artists, scientists, entrepreneurs, and social activists all contribute to the advancement of society and the improvement of the lives of others.

11. RELATION BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY Society shapes individuals Society provides individuals with the context in which they grow, develop, and learn. It is through their interactions with other members of society that individuals acquire language, culture, and the values that guide their behavior . Society also provides individuals with the opportunities for education, employment, and social participation that are essential for their well-being. However, society can also impose limitations and constraints on individuals. Social norms, expectations, and hierarchies can sometimes stifle individual creativity, autonomy, and freedom. In some cases, society can even act as a source of oppression and discrimination. Understanding the relationship between individuals and society is essential for promoting social justice, economic development, and individual well-being. By understanding how individuals and societies interact, we can develop policies and practices that foster positive relationships between the two and create a more just and equitable world

12. SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY OF INDIA IN SOCIOLOGY SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY OF INDIA IN SOCIOLOGY The social structure of India is complex and multifaceted, shaped by a long history, diverse cultural traditions, and a rapidly changing society. Understanding India's social structure is essential for comprehending the country's social dynamics, challenges, and potential for progress.

13. CASTE SYSTEM The caste system is a hierarchical social order that has been a defining feature of Indian society for centuries. It divides society into different groups based on birth , with each caste carrying varying levels of social status and privileges. While the caste system has been legally abolished, it continues to exert a significant influence on Indian society, affecting access to education, employment, and social opportunities. CLASS STRUCTURE India's class structure is based on economic factors such as wealth, income, and ownership of property . It overlaps with the caste system, with higher castes generally occupying higher positions in the class hierarchy. However, class is also influenced by education, occupation, and social networks.

14. RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY India is a multi-religious society, with Hinduism as the majority religion followed by Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Jainism . This religious diversity has shaped India's cultural landscape and contributed to its rich heritage. However, it has also led to religious conflicts and tensions at times. Hinduism is the largest religion and consists of many sub-groups i.e., Vaishnavas, Shaivites, Shaktas , and Smartas . Islam is the second largest religion and includes sub-groups like Shiaites , Sunnis, Ahmadis, etc. Many tribal groups follow animistic and naturistic religions. Every religion has diverse beliefs, customs and festivals associated with it. Indian population consists of the Hindus (82.41%), Muslims (11.6%), Christians (2.32%), Sikhs (1.99%), Buddhists (0.77%) and Jains (0.41%).

15. TRIBAL GROUPS India is home to a diverse range of tribal communities, each with its own unique culture, language, and traditions. These tribal groups have traditionally lived in isolated areas, maintaining their distinct identities and practices. However, they are increasingly facing challenges due to globalization, development projects, and assimilation pressures. GENDER STRATIFICATION Gender inequality remains a significant issue in India, with women facing discrimination in various aspects of life, including education, employment, and political participation. Patriarchal norms and traditions continue to influence gender roles and expectations, perpetuating gender inequalities.

16. CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES India's social structure presents both challenges and opportunities for achieving social justice and progress. The persistence of caste-based discrimination, gender inequality, and religious tensions pose significant challenges to creating an equitable and inclusive society. However, India's rich cultural diversity, growing middle class, and active civil society provide opportunities for addressing these challenges and promoting social transformation. CONCLUSION Understanding India's social structure is essential for comprehending the country's complex social dynamics, addressing its challenges, and harnessing its potential for progress. By promoting social inclusion, empowering marginalized groups, and fostering a culture of tolerance and respect for diversity, India can move towards a more just and equitable society.