Sociology.pptx of first year BALLB course

Origin and development of sociology in world and in Nepal

1. Origin and development of Sociology in the world and in N epal Human society has a long history. Moreover, the history of biological evolution is much older. Ancient human society crossed Paleolithic age of around 100000-10000 BC, Mesolithic age of around 10000- 6000 BC, and Neolithic age of around 6000-4000 BC and evolved to advanced society. Many changes has been occurred from Paleolithic to Neolithic age but social behaviors, inter-relationship, interactions, cooperation and conflict, socialization, cultural exchanges were also the ancient products. Family marriage economy, politics kinship and other social institutions have helped a lot to enable interactions among people. But , sociological or social science knowledge and analysis of different issues is not much older than the history of human society. Development of sociology has centuries –long history, which can be analyzed by breaking it into different stages as below:

2. First stage First stage of development of sociology is influenced by many philosophers and their views about social evolutions and processes. This is the time before Christian era. Particularly western philosophers, thinkers and analysis, the important contribution is made by Socrates (469-399 BC), Plato (428-348 BC), ‘Republic’ . Aristotle (384-322 BC) From ‘ Ethic and Politics’, etc. Plato’s republic has divided society as slave, warrior and philosopher, shad light in different levels of state system. Aristotle emphasis politics system and different aspects and define society as a political and social animal. Likewise, the contributions of Herodotus (484-425 BC) , Cicero (106-43 BC), Lucretius (96-55 BC) etc. was important for analyzing aspects of society. As well as Veda, Puran,Gita , Upanished , Mahabharat , Ramayan , Tripitak have explaination of society and culture.

3. Second Stage Second stage of historical development of sociology is the time from 4 th century to 17 th century. Hence this age is taken as the middle age of ancient and modern stages. This stage is taken as the foundation of sociology of the post 18 th century. Saint Augustine (354-430 ) was the important figure during this stage. He has discussed the politics , government and law etc. and the change in those institutions. Dante Algheiri (1295-1321) discussed social business. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) John Lock(1632-1704), Montesquieu (1689-1755) , Rousseau (1712-1778) Emmanuel Kant ( 1724-1804), etc. were the influential social thinker and philosopher of this stage. Montesquieu “ Sprit of the Law” in 1748 talk about the forms of government and impact of climate on social structure, culture , business, population, religion, Law etc. a contribution of emergence of sociology of Law.

4. Third stage Sociology was born in this period and grow up. Hence, this period taken as important period. The foundation of sociology became rich by the contribution of four founding father of sociology namely the Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, Max weber and Herbert spencer.