Socratic method, nutrition in plants,feeding habits

Nutrition, plants, photosynthesis, socratic

1. Towards A Hundred fold Yield BY DR. SREEREMYA DIRECT INSTRUCTION MODEL

2. Towards A Hundredfold Yield The mango tree will also give you lots of mangoes within eight to ten years . SAPLING IS A young tree, especially one with a  slender  trunk. What are your expectations while planting and nurturing a mango sapling? EXPECTATION OF GROWING MANGO SAPLING-FAST GROWTH,NUMEROUS MANGOES

3. Seeds and Planting Materials Haven’t you heard the proverb, ‘ vithu gunam pathu gunam ’? What does it mean? Observe the pictures and answer the questions given below. PLANT FRUIT SEED

4. Where are seeds formed? SEEDS ARE FROM OVRAY ( Ovary is the female reproductive organ found in flowering plants) What about fruits? FRUITS ARE FROM OVRAY What factors should be considered while selecting the best seeds ? HEALTHY SEED FROM HEALTHY PARENTS (NOT DISEASED)

5. SEED COLLECTION Which of these plants would you choose to collect seeds from? Why? You know that a single plant can produce many fruits. Fruits from which harvesting stage should be selected to get good seeds? well-developed mature stage Are the fruits formed at the initial and final stages of the lifespan of plants ideal for seed collection? FINAL STAGE (RIPENED FRUITS) HEALTHY PLANT UNHEALTHY PLANT

6. SEED SELECTION Seeds should be collected from the ripened fruits produced during the middle of the plant’s lifespan. Plants like ladies finger and pea contain numerous seeds in a single fruit. Healthy and good quality seeds are the roots of a healthy crop. The seeds that are used to cultivate new crops have to be selected very carefully and of high quality. The good quality seeds can either be bought from different sources or farmers can produce by their own. The selection of seeds is used to improve the quality of yields.

7. SEED SELECTION Take a few pea seeds. Select the best seeds from them based on the following factors. ● Shape ● Size ● Weight ● Seed coat . CONSIDERING FOR FACTORS HEALTHY SEED IS SELECTED Thus, always obtain seeds from healthy plants. Along with the disease free and healthy seeds, farmers also need to check the germination period of the seeds,  nutrients  required and other benefits in terms of yield and finance. Overall, selecting good quality seeds are essential for growing strong and healthy crops.

8. Good quality seeds should be selected for better yield. For this, the respective plant and fruit should also have good quality . Are new plants formed only from seeds? ??????????NO MANY PLANTS HAVE MANY MODES.LET’S SEE A FEW CURRY PLANT FORMED FROM SEED GINGER PLANT FORMED FROM STEM

9. Are new plants formed only from seeds? BRYOPHYLLUM FORMED FROM LEAF PEPPER PLANT- Black pepper is obtained from the small dried berries

10. VEGETATIVE PROPOGATION Vegetative propagation is an asexual method of plant reproduction that occurs in its leaves, roots and stem. This can occur through fragmentation and regeneration of specific vegetative parts of plants.

11. VEGETATIVE PROPOGATION PROPOGATING PART-ROOT NEEM

12. VEGETATIVE PROPOGATION PROPOGATING PART-ROOT SANDAL PROPOGATING PART-ROOT BREAD FRUIT

13. VEGETATIVE PROPOGATION PROPOGATING PART-STEM(HIBISCUS) PROPOGATING PART-STEM(ROSE)

14. VEGETATIVE PROPOGATION PROPOGATING PART-LEAF PROPOGATING PART-LEAF BRYOPHYLLUM

15. VEGETATIVE PROPOGATION PROPOGATING PART-UNDERGROUND STEM PROPOGATING PART-UNDERGROUND STEM ELEPHANT YAM TURMERIC

16. VEGETATIVE PROPOGATION PROPOGATING PART OF MORINGA – STEM AND SEED PROPOGATING PART OF BREAD FRUIT - ROOT

17. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Plant reproduction is the production of new offspring in plants, which can be accomplished by sexual or asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction produces offspring by the fusion of gametes, resulting in offspring(Young ones).

18. Plants which can reproduce both through sexual reproduction and vegetative propagation Sheemakonna ( Gliricidia ) SUBABUL(RIVER TAMARIND) Care should be taken to choose planting materials from plants that have superior quality

19. STEM CUTTINGS Stem cuttings of shoe flower, tapioca, sweet potato etc. sprout easily. But it is difficult for guava to sprout from a stem cutting . Simple layering is one of the easiest methods of propagating new plants. Unlike cuttings, which have to survive on their own, layered shoots are encouraged to form roots while still attached to the parent plant. Back. Layering is a technique to propagate plants LAYERING

20. LAYERING Stage 1 Select a pencil-sized stem of the mother plant. It is better to select it from the main stem. Make a cut of 2-3 cm length in a circular shape on the bark in between two nodes of this stem. Stage 2 Apply a slightly wet mixture of cocopeat , soil and cow dung powder to this area. Wrap this area with a polythene bag. Water the area if required. Stage 3 Roots will sprout in the area of layering within two months. Cut the stem just below the area of layering and this can be planted in a flower pot or grow bag. When it starts growing, it can be replanted in the soil.

21. DEFINITION- Layering Layering is the practice of producing plantlets by cutting and planting the stem of a mother plant after generating roots from it. TYPES OF LAYERING AIR LAYERING SERPENTINE LAYERING MOUNT LAYERING TRENCH LAYERING

22. SERPENTINE LAYERING Serpentine layering involves looping the stems of climbers in and out of the soil to encourage roots to form at several points along the same stem. The technique for each buried section is very similar to simple layering.

23. SERPENTINE LAYERING

24. SIGNIFICANCE OF LAYERING Consider some peculiarities of plants produced by layering. Possess the qualities of mother plant Small size and short lifespan Early flowering and fruiting Absence of taproot system Require more care

25. MERITS OF LAYERING

26. Rooting by dipping Dipping the tip of stem cuttings in solution containing plant hormones like auxin speeds up root formation. This practice is widely used now a days to enhance the success rate of vegetative propagation using stem cuttings. AUXIN DEFINITION-   Auxin is a plant growth hormone that can be created chemically or produced biologically by the plant. In biological synthesis, the natural hormone is represented by the symbol IAA, standing for indoleacetic acid.

27. ROLE OF AUXIN-STEM CUTTING STEM CUTTING OF CITRUS PLANT (DIPPED IN AUXIN) AFTER TWO WEEKS FROM A TO D – ROOT GROWTH AND STEM ELONATION IS OBSERVED

28. Grafting Grafting is a method of asexual plant propagation that joins plant parts from different plants together so they will heal and grow as one plant. This technique is used to propagate plants that do not root well from cuttings, to utilize superior root systems, or to maintain clonal production. GRAFTING A MANGO TREE

29. COMPARISON PF TWO MANGO TYPES Relatively small mango (INDEGIONOUS MANGO TREE)  Sour or sweet mango  Grows well in our soil  Doesn’t need special care Big sized mango (NEELAM MANGO)  Very sweet mango  Doesn’t grow well in our soil  Needs special care

30. GRAFTING…. If a sapling is produced by joining the stem of Neelam mango with the young plant of indigenous variety, what specialities will it have? ● Grows well in our soil ● Yields mangoes of Neelam variety GOOD QUALITY

31. GRAFTING TECHNIQUE Choose a mango plant of Moovandan variety of six months to one-year. This plant with roots is called root stock. Cut a stem that has the same size as the root stock from a high yielding tree of Neelam variety. This is called scion. A stem which has newly formed buds should be selected as scion. Cut the root stock at 15cm from the bottom to join the scion. Make a 4cm deep cut along the centre of this root stock using a knife. Make tapered cuts on both sides at the bottom of the scion as shown in the figure. Insert the scion into the gap made in the root stock and bind it with a polythene tape. Once the scion gets joined with the stock and begins to grow, the sapling can be replanted at a more convenient place. ROOT STOCK

32. GRAFTING TECHNIQUE STOCK OF MANGO PREPARED CUTTING TO FIT STOCK AND SCION STOCK AND SCION FIXED

33. GRAFTING (Note-cambium is specialized cells in plants)

34. A sapling is to be produced in the same way using Malgoa and Gomav which is an indigenous variety of mango tree.Gomav is indeginious . M ethod of grafting the stem of Malgoa mango tree with Gomav mango tree.

35. MERITS OF GRAFTING EARLY FLOWERING EARLY FRUITING GOOD QUALITY FRUITS

36. Budding Budding, or bud grafting, is a form of vegetative or clonal plant propagation by which an exact replica of the parent plant is produced. There are two slightly different methods of budding – chip budding and T budding. The difference between the two is procedure timing and the amount of wood taken with the bud. Haven’t you seen the rubber saplings for sale in nurseries? Look at the advertisement of saplings produced through budding. HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY REASONABLE PRICE THICKER LATEX

37. BUDDING Here the bud of superior quality rubber plant is selected as scion instead of stem. This is joined with the stock . Different steps of budding are given below Stage 1 Chisel off a bud along with the bark from the branch of a superior quality jack fruit tree. This is the scion. Stage 2 Peel off bark from the area where the bud is to be inserted in the native jack fruit tree sapling (root stock) which is grown in a pot/ growbag .

38. BUDDING STEPS Stage 3 Attach the scion with a polythene tape to the area of the root stock from where the bark was removed, keeping the bud exposed. Stage 4 When the bud starts to grow well, remove the upper portion of the stock. The sapling can be replanted in soil when the bud is grown.

39. BUDDING

40. Hybridization- Observe the pictures of chilli plants given below. VARIETY1 VARETY 2 If we can produce a chilli plant which has the qualities of both the varieties, what qualities will it have? IT IS POSSIBLE BY UNDERSTANDING THE PROCESS SELF POLLINATION, CROSS POLLINATION, ARTIFICAL POLLINATION

41. POLLINATION Pollination is the act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma. The goal of every living organism, including plants, is to create offspring for the next generation. One of the ways that plants can produce offspring is by making seeds . SELF POLLINATION The transfer of the pollen grain from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower in the same plant or to the different plant which is genetically similar is called self pollination.

42. CROSS POLLINATION The transfer of pollen grains from the anther of one plant to the stigma of another different plant is called cross-pollination. It is also called xenogamy . It occurs with the help of external agents called pollinating agents. SELF POLLINATION CROSS POLLINATION

43. ARTIFICAL POLLINATION Method I This type of pollination is for the vegetable plants with male and female parts on separate plants. Take a male flower and remove its petals. Try not to touch the stamens to avoid the pollen transfer to your fingers. Find a blooming female flower with its petals pushed back. Touch the stamens of the male flower to the stigma of the female flower and roll over it gently. The pollen will be transferred to the stigma and pollination will occur. Method II Move cotton over the stamens of a male flower to gather as much pollen grains as possible. Shed the collected pollen on the stigma of a female flower.

44. ARTIFICAL POLLINATION

45. Hybridization Hybridization is the method of production of seeds by artificially pollinating two plants which have different qualities and belong to the same species. From the seeds thus produced, those with superior quality are collected. These are the hybrid seeds.

46. HYBRIDIZATION Hybridization is the method of crossing two plants from different species which are genetically dissimilar. For example, crossing a plant that produces a high amount of fruits with another plant that is capable of producing sweeter fruits, can give a plant both characteristics. HYBRID VARIETIES OF COCONUT- Chandralaksha , Chandrasankara and Lakshaganga are the hybrid varieties of coconut.

47. HYBRID VARIETIES OF PLANTS The five hybrid varieties of crop plants which have been developed in India are Paddy – Pavithra , Hraswa , Annapoorna

48. Hybrid pea – Lola, malika .

49. Hybrid green chilli – Jwalamukhi,Anugraha

50. Ladies finger- Arka , Salkeerti,Anamika

51. Brinjal-Haritha , Neelima

52. Tomato- Mukhti , Anagha , Akshaya

53. Agricultural Research Centres Kerala Agricultural University (KAU), Mannuthi,Thrissur Kerala Agricultural University is an important agricultural research centre in Kerala. The main activities are conducting researches on varieties of crops, animals, birds etc. and knowledge dissemination programmes. Regional research centres of Kerala Agricultural University are functioning in different parts of the state. Central Tuber Crops Research Institute (CTCRI), Sreekaryam , Thiruvananthapuram Cultivation and researches on tuber crops are conducted here. Rubber Research Institute of India (RRII), Kottayam Develops high yielding varieties of rubber plants suited for different geographical areas. Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), Kasaragod Conducts researches on coconut, arecanut and cocoa.

54. CPCRI KASARGOD

55. Seed and Yield Can good quality seeds alone give a better yield? What other things are to be considered for a better yield? OTHER FACTORS ARE- Fertile soil • Pest control EXPOSURE TO LIGHT WATERING

56. Fertile soil Proper application of fertilizers is required for better yield PESTICIDES AND HERBICIDES Pesticides kill, repel, or control forms of animal and plant life considered to damage or be a nuisance in agriculture and domestic life. Used broadly, the term includes these types of chemicals: Herbicides destroy or control weeds and other unwanted vegetation. FERTILIZERS-Fertilizers  provide the major nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and important secondary elements) that plants need. Unless the nutrients are replenished, the soil's productive capacity declines with every harvest.

57. FERTILIZER COMPOST BONMEAL CHICKEN MANURE

58. CHEMICAL PESTICIDES UREA NPK MIXTURE

59. FERTILIZERS AND PESTICIDES CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS-UREA, N,P,K BIOFERTILIZERS-COWDUNG,GREEN MANURE, FISH MANURE, POUTRY DROPPING PESTICIDES-Pesticides kill, repel, or control forms of animal and plant life considered to damage or be a nuisance in agriculture and domestic life. Used broadly, the term includes these types of chemicals: Herbicides destroy or control weeds and other unwanted vegetation. They are commonly used on lawns

60. Father of Green Revolution Dr . M.S. Swaminathan is an agricultural scientist, known as Father of Green Revolution in India. He had developed high yielding seeds and popularized them among farmers and thereby achieved a leap in the area of food production. The efforts made by him helped to overcome poverty in most of the South East Asian countries. He was awarded with Magsaysay, World Food Prize and Padmabhushan .

61. COMPARISON OF ORGANIC AND CHEMICAL FERTILIZER Organic fertilizers Chemical fertilizers Obtained from organic matter Produced from chemicals industrially Required in higher quantity Required in lesser quantity Not harmful to soil Excess use destroys soil structure Cannot be supplied as a single component Components can be supplied as per requirement

62. Microbial Fertilizer In this method of application of fertilizer, microbes are used as fertilizers. Pseudomonas and Azospirillum are examples of microbial fertilizers. Microbial fertilizer is a kind of nutrient-rich and environmentally friendly biological fertilizer made from plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR).

63. Pest Control Pest control is the process of managing and preventing pests, such as insects, rodents( eg-mice,rat ), and other animals, from causing damage to crops, buildings, and other areas. There are a variety of pest control methods, including physical methods such as traps and barriers, and chemical methods such as pesticides . METHODS OF PEST CONTROL spray chemical pesticide Pests can be controlled by using light trap too spray tobacco decoction Other biological agents like frogs eating pest, thereby controlling pest

64. Pest Control Measures Biological Control Lady bug is an insect which eats the pests that grow on plants. Trichogramma is another friendly insect of this kind. Similarly Frog, Mabuya , Calotes , Bug etc. feed on pests which infest crops. This kind of pest control is called biological control. When pesticides are applied, these friendly agents also get destroyed along with the pests. Lady bug Trichogramma

65. Mechanical Control Crush a handful of basil leaves and put it in a steel plate. Observe the plate after a while. Can you see the gold coloured flies approaching the plate, attracted by the smell of basil leaves ? Vegetable plants can be protected by destroying these flies. This method of controlling pests by removing them manually or using traps is called mechanical control. Pheromone trap is an example for this. It is available in the market.

66. P esticides Pesticides Pesticides are of two types: chemical pesticides and organic pesticides. Chemical pesticides These are pesticides prepared using chemical substances. Organic pesticides Organic pesticides are comparatively less harmful than chemical pesticides. Tobacco decoction, neem oil emulsion, garlic- kanthari (Chilli) mixture etc. are some organic pesticides. Many organic pesticides are available in the market nowadays. Let’s prepare an organic pesticide. Tobacco Decoction Chop 100 gram of tobacco and soak it in one and half litres of water for a day. Squeeze it and filter it. Dissolve 10 gram of washing soap in it. Tobacco decoction is ready now. Dilute it by adding twice the quantity of water and spray on plants. WEEDICIDES-WEEDS ARE SMALL UNWANTED PLANTS GROWING AMIDST THE CROP. CONTROLLED BY WEEDICIDES.

67. Artificial Intelligence and Agriculture Technology based on Artificial Intelligence is being used nowadays to detect pests and to destroy them using lasers. The advantage is that it is not harmful to the environment OTHER FACTOR WHICH INFLUENCE AGRICULTURE Suitable climate also influences agriculture. Therefore, we need to cultivate crops that are suitable to the climate PLACES TO FARM Kitchen garden at home • Terrace • Vegetable garden in the school • Biodiversity Park in the school

68. Other Agricultural Sectors Sericulture Floriculture Growing Flowers Rearing Silkworm Piscicultu Apiculture Rearing Fishes Rearing Honeybee Rearing Cattle Rearing Rabbits Rearing Poultry Cultivating Mushroom