Sodium Analyzer- Analytical instruments - Qualitative and Quantitative measurements

Sodium Analyzers -Analytical Instruments

1. SODIUM ANALYSER
•The sodium electrodes relies on the change in potential arising from a
change in ion concentration .
•This potential change is monitored versus a reference electrode.
•The sodium electrode is a glass electrode similar to pH electrode with
a special glass bulb sensitive to H+ ions.
•This glass bulb has a proprietary composition but contain Na+ ions.
•The bulb is filled with a buffered solution at a fixed level of sodium
ions.

3. SODIUM ANALYSER
•The difference in sodium concentration on both sides of the glass bulb
membrane will be reflected by a change in potential.
•This potential change will be logarithmic with the concentration changes.
•Form this principle it can be concluded that the pH will play a major role in
sodium measurement.
•This point will be addressed as “Proton interference”.
•It is clear that this type of sensor has no “physical zero”.
•Since every sensor can be slightly different in terms of glass formulation or
buffer composition ,easy calibration will be required for accurate
measurement.

4. SODIUM ANALYSER
•All glass electrodes are also known to lose their sensitivity when they
do not see the ion to be measured.
•This is particularly important where sodium electrodes are used or
measuring very low sodium concentration in ultra-pure water
applications.
•Using sodium analysis in the industrial environment requires not only
practical means of addressing the issues of pH, temperature and ISE
responses but also the provision of a means of sampling,calibrating
,controlling flow and controlling pressure in addition to making the
instrument simple to use and easy to maintain.
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRzJsTcVzcY

5. Silica Analyzer
•Formation of deposition in pipes and on turbine blades
•The sample is prepared for analysis by adding ammonium molybdate
Solution, Suphuric acid and reducing solution with the sample.
•These are mixed well in the mixing vessel with the help of stirrer
and flow rate of each is controlled by the valves which are placed in
each line .
•The mixing vessel solution is emptied to the measuring cuvettewhere
it is measured and drained completely after the analysis to avoid the
interference with the next analysis.

6. Silica Analyzer
•Theanalyzerishavingtwocuvettes,onelampsourceandtwo
photometersthetwocurettesarenamelyreferencecuvetteand
measuringcuvette
•Thereferencecuvetteisusedforholdingreferencesolutionhaving
theknownconcentrationofsilica
•Thelampsourceisplacedinbetweenmeasuringcuvetteand
referencecuvette,thetwophotometersareplacedoneithersideof
thecuvette
•Thetransmittedlightraysaredetectedbythephotovoltaiccells.The
outputofthetwophotovoltaiccellsdrivesthedifferentialamplifier
andtheamplifiedsignalisreadthroughreadoutdevice

7. Silica Analyzer

8. Silica Analyzer

9. Silica Analyzer

10. Dissolved Oxygen Analyzer
•Dissolvedoxygenreferstooxygendissolvedinwater.
•Itsconcentrationisexpressedastheamountofoxygenperunit
volumeandtheunitismg/L.
•Biologically,oxygenisanessentialelementforrespirationof
underwaterlifeandalsoactsasachemicaloxidizer.
•Thesolubilityofoxygeninwaterisaffectedbywatertemperature,
salinity,barometricpressure,etc.anddecreasesaswater
temperaturerises.

11. Measurement of dissolved oxygen by
the membrane electrode method
•Themembraneelectrodemethodmeasuresadiffusioncurrentor
reductioncurrentgeneratedbytheconcentrationofdissolvedoxygen
orpartialpressureofoxygentoobtaintheconcentrationofdissolved
oxygen.
•ThismethodisnotaffectedbythepHvalueofwaterbeingmeasured,
oxidationandreductionsubstances,color,turbidity,etc.andthe
measurementmethodoffersgoodreproducibility.

12. Membrane electrode method:
•Whenasensorisinsertedintowater,anairlayerformsonthe
membrane(Teflonmembrane).
•Theoxygenpartialpressure(concentration)intheairlayerisin
equilibriumwiththeconcentrationofdissolvedoxygeninthewater.
•Themembraneelectrodemethodmeasurestheoxygenconcentration
inthegasphasetoindirectlyobtaintheconcentrationofdissolved
oxygeninwater.

13. Galvanic cell method

14. Galvanic cell method
•Themembranehashighpermeabilitytooxygenandisconstructedso
thattheelectrodesandelectrolyteareisolatedfromthewaterbeing
measured.
•Thecounterelectrodeisabasemetalandtheworkingelectrodeisa
noblemetalandpotassiumhydroxideisusedastheelectrolyte.
•Oxygenpassesthroughthemembraneandisreducedontheworking
electrode,andsothemethodmeasuresthereductioncurrentflowing
betweenbothelectrodes,whichisproportionaltotheconcentration
ofdissolvedoxygen.