Soil and water management

Irrigation methods for cultivation of crops

1. Soil and water management Crop production and management

2. IRRIGATION

3. Application of water to soil for the purpose of supplying the moisture essential for normal plant growth and development

4. objectives To Supply Water To Provide Crop Insurance To Cool Soil And Micro Atmosphere To Leach Out Salts To Soften Tillage Pans For Food And Fibre Production To Protect Crop From Frost

5. METHODS OF IRRIGATION Surface Sub Surface Sprinkler Drip

6. Surface I rrigation Uncontrolled/ Wild flooding B) Controlled flooding 1) Basin A) Check B) Ring 2) Border Strip 3) Furrow Irrigation I) Deep Furrow II) Corrugations

7. Wild flooding Applying water to the field without any bunds to guide the flow irrigation water wetting the soil surface Used in millets lawns Used in land preparations Loss due to percolation and surface runoff

8. Wild flooding

9. Check basin The field is metre square) surrounded by small bunds In this method of irrigation the field is usually divided into square plots ( 4 m sq to 4000 m sq) surrounded by small bunds of dykes or lever Used in groundnut, sorghum , vegetables etc Leaches out salts below the crop root zone depth

10. RING BASIN Circular bund is constructed around each plant/tree to create a basin for irrigation

11. Border strip method The cultivated field to be irrigated is divided into a number of long parallel strips, generally 5 to 15 m in width and 75 to 300m in length, separated by border ridges or low dykes of about 15 cm high, laid in the direction of the slope. Used In Bajra Wheat Barley Groundnut

12. Border strip

13. DEEP FURROW METHOD In furrow method of irrigation the flat bed surface is converted into a slope. The spacing of the furrow is ordinarily determined by the spacing of the row crop. Most efficient use of water is possible

14. corrugations Corrugations or rills are shallow furrows running down the slope from ditches or laterals, which are sometimes very close to each other Useful in closer growing crops

15. SUB SURFACE IRRIGATION Applying the water beneath the soil surface close to the plant roots so that either water seeps from the slides of the channels towards the plant roots or through capillary movement upward. 30- 75 below the ground depending on texture and rooting of crop Soil with high salt content cannot be used High investment is required Not adopted widely in India

16. SPRINKLER IRRIGATION Water is conveyed in pipe lines under desired pressure (0.7 to 10kg/cm sq) developed by the pump and is sprayed through nozzles perforation over the land or crop surface in an uniform pattern at a rate (0.06 to 50 l/hr) less than infiltrability of the soil, somewhat resembling the rainfall.

17. Typical sprinkler system consists of Pumping unit Main line Laterals Risers Sprinkler heads

18. advantages