Soil Micro-organisms and their Growth in Ecosystem

Group Presentation by- Group of Glisters: Soil Micro-organisms and their Growth in Ecosystem

1. Welcome to Our Presentation From— Group-5 Session: 2017-18 2 nd Year, 1 st Semester Department of Environmental Science and Engineering ** Group of Glisters **

2. Presentation on-- Soil Micro-organisms and their Growth in Ecosystem Bacteria Algae Fungi Actinomycetes Bacteriophage Nematoda Protozoa

3. ? ? ? Outlines--- Brief description of major Soil Microorganisms Growth and Reproduction Processes How affects Plant growth Importance, advantages, disadvantages etc and so on…… Microorganisms Number/g of soil Biomass (g/m 2 ) Bacteria 10 8 –10 9 40–500 Actinomycetes 10 7 –10 8 40–500 Fungi 10 5 –10 6 100–1500 Algae 10 4 –10 5 1–50 Protozoa 10 3 –10 4 Varies Nematodes 10 2 –10 3 Varies

4. Major Roles & Functions— maintain of soil fertility increases the amount of organic carbon act as a cementing agent increase the water retention capacity Algae

5. Bacteria contribute to the carbon cycle by fixation and decomposition. some bacteria species are very fragile

6. Fungi Two Main Parts— Mycelium Fruit body Fungi groups-- Decomposers Mutualists Pathogens etc… Important process of decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems

7. Actinomycetes Bacteriophages Share the characters of both bacteria and fungi Commonly known as “ray-fungi” Gram-positive and release antibiotic substances responsible for the characteristically “earthy” smell A bacteriophages is a virus that infects bacteria Two different cycles that bacteriophages may use are- The lytic cycle The lysogenic cycle

8. Commonly known as roundworms Thin and elongated (hair-like) Tubular in appearance Head and tail are not visually distinct They have a nervous system that controls the muscle cells Nematoda Protozoa

9. Growth & Reproduction of Soil Microorganisms In algal sexual reproduction they make more population an make more variation in that species But in asexual reproduction they make less population In many species of algae Meiosis is shown to occur Soil Algae

10. Asexual reproduction or cell division is called binary fission In this process one mother cell is divided into two daughter cells By this process bacterial population undergoes exponential growth Soil Bacteria

11. Fungi usually reproduce both sexually and asexually. The asexual cycle produces mitospores , and the sexual cycle produces meiospores . Soil Fungi

12. They grow as mycelium and reproduce by sporulation There occurs two different type of cell division Soil Actinomycetes Grows in the presence of living susceptible bacteria Two phages of growth -- Lytic & Lysogenic cycle Soil Bacteriophage

13. Soil Nematodes Four stages of nematodes life cycle Are dioecious , with separate male and female genders. Have small life span & population level change in large number Soil Protozoa Reproduce in both sexual and asexual ways; Most common--Binary Fission Some have a very complex life cycle with two different host

14. How soil microbes effects plant growth or crop production Soil algae Used as fertilizers Increases physiological activity of plants Soil Bacteria Have anti-fungal activity that inhibits plant pathogens Increases the growth of plants Soil Actinomycetes Good source of bioactive compounds, antibiotics, and extracellular enzymes. Used as biofertilizer

15. Soil Nematodes Establish a permanent feeding site within the plant host and obtain Develop a sustainable feeding structure Soil Protozoa Mineralizes nutrients & makes them available for use by plants and other soil organisms Release the excess nitrogen in the form of ammonium (NH4+) Soil Fungi Allow plants to draw more nutrients and water from the soil Helps the plant by increasing its root surface area How soil microbes effects plant growth or crop production

16. Effects of Soil Micro-Organisms

17. Decomposed Plant and animal residues. Microorganisms retain nutrients in the soil. Deposit organic matter to soil . Beneficial Effect:

18. Beneficial Effect: The stability of soil aggregates are increased and improve soil structure.

19. Beneficial Effect: Have a great impact on biogeochemical cycle like N 2 cycle, P cycle, S cycle. N 2 fixing bacteria fix nitrogen for plant uptake Microorganisms degrade pesticides. Compete with inhibit and consume diseases. Improve plant Growth rate by fertile soil.

20. Harmful Effect Bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes cause plant diseases. Pythium , Fusarium and Rhizoctonia are responsible for the “damping off” of seedlings. Compete with crops for available nutrients . Bacteriophages destroy useful bacteria. Denitrifying bacteria convert available nitrogen to unavailable form . Plant-feeding nematodes damage plant roots

21. Importance of Soil Microorganisms In Ecosystem

22. An important component of ecosystem. Make up the diversity of life in the soil. constitute the soil food web. The “structure” of a food web is the composition and relative numbers of microorganisms in each group within the soil. By biodegradation & bioremediation make up ecological balance. Maintain Balance in Biogeochemical cycle in a large ecosystem. Interact in a complex food web.

23. Air Water Plants / Trees Micro-organisms Soil Biotic & Abiotic Factors of Ecosystem in Environment ?

24. Outlines--- What is Ecology? Biotic & Abiotic Factors of Environment Impacts of Biotic & Abiotic Factors Interaction between Biotic & Abiotic Factors of an Environment.

25. What is Ecosystem? Ecosystem: An Ecosystem is the community of organisms in an area and the Physical factors with which those organisms interact with each others.

26. An Ecosystem has two components: 1. Biotic components and 2. Abiotic components. Biotic Components : Biotic components are all of the living organisms within an ecosystem. Abiotic components: Abiotic components are all of the non-living organisms within an ecosystem. Abiotic and biotic components make up an ecosystem. Structure of Ecosystems

27. ECOSYSTEM Biotic Factors Abiotic Factors Plants Animals Decomposers Producers Primary consumers Secondary consumers Tertiary consumers X- planation Air Water Soil Sunlight Temperature

28. Biotic Factors in an Ecosystem: Parts of the ecosystem. Specific biotic categories include: 1. plants (Producers) 2. Animals 3. Fungi 4. Protist and 5. Bactria

29. Impacts of Biotic factors in an ecosystem 1.Without plants most ecosystems will fail to perform photosynthesis 2.Biotic factors produce carbon dioxide which help the plants to produce food and oxygen with water. 3.Many bacteria and fungi spread diseases and act as hosts.

30. Impacts of Biotic factors in an ecosystem 4.Different species of plants may compete for light, water and nutrients. 5.The presence of predators impacts the ecosystem. The effect this has depends on three factors: the number of predators in a given environment, how they interact with prey and how they interact with other predators. 6. The greatest impact is made when two or more species consume the same prey.

31. Abiotic Factors in an Ecosystem: In an ecosystem, abiotic factors include all the non-living parts of the ecosystem. Specific biotic categories include: Water wind, Temperature Soil-salinity Oxygen Sunlight etc.

32. Sunlight Water Wind Soil Temperature Oxygen Abiotic Factors in an Ecosystem

33. Sunlight Sunlight is necessary for photosynthesis Without the sun, plants could not live, and without plants, animals could not live. It is this basic building block of life that has formed much of the structure of the deciduous forest. Impacts of Abiotic Factors in an Ecosystem

34. Water 1. Water is the key compound for photosynthesis 2. All living organisms need water for chemical reactions. 3. Plants must have water to grow. 4. Without water, animals become weak and confused. 5. Rainfall is also a critical factor in the deciduous forest.

35. It influences the rate of evaporation and transpiration. The physical force of wind is also important because it can move soil, water, or other abiotic factors. Plants rely on winds to spread pollen, fertilizing nearby plants. In deserts winds form sand dunes which can be habitats for other organisms. Wind

36. Terrestrial animals obtain oxygen from the air for they can breathe. Without oxygen at the bottom of the water body anaerobic bacteria produce acids which increases acidity that impact whole ecosystem in a area. Oxygen

37. Impacts of abiotic factors (Temperature) in an ecosystem 1 . It plays an important role for animals that cannot regulate their own body temperature, such as reptiles. 2. Living organisms must develop necessary physiological and behavioral adaptations to cope with extremes of temperatures. Temperature

38. Soil Plants use their roots to get water and nutrients from the soil. Soil nutrient, acidity and salinity will determine the biodiversity and type of plants will can grow year round.

39. Salinity Plants in high salinity die from too much salt in their environment. The Dead Sea is “dead ” because the salinity is so high and nothing can grow in it. In aquatic ecosystem, Increasing or decreasing salinity in a body of water may kill all the inhabitants.

40. Affect of biotic & abiotic factors Biotic Factor’s affect The ecosystem One another Plants help Animals Animals and plants harm one another Animals help plants

41. Affect of biotic & abiotic factors Abiotic Factor’s affect the ecosystem Example: 1)Water Little rain Plants die Some animals die, some find other homes Wilted plant

42. Abiotic Abiotic & biotic factors interact with each other Biotic Interactions Cells Biofilms Organisms Predator,prey relationship Population communities ecosystems Food web

43. Environmental Interactions Environmental Interactions Abiotic Abiotic Symbiosis Feeding Competition Parasitism Commensalism Mutualism

44. Biotic and abiotic factors are interrelated If one factor is changed, removed or altered, it impacts the availability of other resources within the system

45. Biotic and abiotic factors Biotic Abiotic Living Non Living How biotic & abiotic factors affect each other? Do you know that?

46. Biotic and abiotic factors affect each other If there is no water can anything grow or survive? Answer: No ! If it is extremely cold one winter, will that affect whether an animal makes it? Answer: No ! So, biotic and abiotic Do effect each other. Even through water & temperature aren’t living things, they do affect living things !

47. A graph of population density (biotic factors) with Potential evapotranspiration(abiotic factor) X axis=Potential evapotranspiration Y axis=Density of population

48. A graph of population density (biotic factors) with Proportion of agriculture X axis=Proportion of agriculture Y axis=Density of population

49. A graph of population density (biotic factors) with precipitation of wet season X axis=Precipitation of wet season Y axis=Density of population

50. Group of Glisters From--