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4. Chapter(1)
Introduction

5. üWith Energy Costs constantly rising, and Climate Change
affecting us all, the Low-Carbon Technology has a Bigger and
Bigger Role to play in the Future of Sudan Energy.
ü Our Aim here is to raise the Awareness of People who want to
invest in the Low Carbon Technology such as (Solar PV, Wind,
Heat Pumps, Battery Storage, Bio-Mass..etc), so what we need
here is to inspire a New Generation of (Home Grown Energy) fit
for the Needs of Every Sudan Home and Community.

6. üSolar Photovoltaic System or Solar Power System is a One
of Renewable Energy Systems which uses PV Modules to
Convert the Sunlight into Electricity. The Electricity generated
can be either Stored or Used Directly, Fed back into Grid line or
Combined with a One or more Gensets or more Renewable
Energy Sources.

7. üSolar PV System is very Reliable and Clean Source of
Electricity that can Suit a Wide Range of Applications such as
Residence, Industry, Agriculture, Livestock, Telecom,.. etc.

8. §Solar Power is the Conversion of Renewable Energy from
Sunlight into Electricity, either directly using Photovoltaics (PV),
or indirectly using Concentrated Solar Power, or a Combination.
§Concentrated Solar Power Systems use Lenses or Mirrors and
Solar Tracking Systems to focus a Large Area of Sunlight into a
Small Beam. Photovoltaic Cells Convert Light into an Electric
Current using the Photovoltaic Effect.

10. §This Solar Resource Map provides a Summary of the
Estimated Solar Energy Available for Power Generation and
other Energy Applications. It represents the Average
daily/yearly Sum of Electricity Production from a 1 kW-Peak
Grid-Connected Solar PV Power Plant Covering the Period
from 1994/1999/2007 (depending on the Geographical Region)
to 2015.(Source: Global Solar Atlas).

11. §Photovoltaics were initially solely used as a source of electricity
for small and medium-sized applications, from the calculator
powered by a single solar cell to remote homes powered by an
off-grid rooftop PV system.
§Commercial Concentrated Solar Power Plants were first
developed in the 1980s. Since then, as the Cost of Solar
Electricity has fallen, Grid-Connected Solar PV Systems have
grown more or less exponentially. Millions of installations and
gigawatt-scale photovoltaic power stations have been and are
being built. Solar PV has rapidly become an inexpensive, low-
carbon technology.

12. §The International Energy Agency said in 2021 that under its
"Net Zero by 2050" Scenario Solar Power would Contribute
about 20% of Worldwide Energy Consumption, and Solar
Would be the World's Largest Source of Electricity.China has
the most Solar Installations. In 2020, Solar Power Generated
3.5% of the World's Electricity, Compared to under 3% the
Previous Year.

13. vMainstream Technologies:
Many Industrialized Nations have installed Significant Solar
Power Capacity into their Grids to Supplement or Provide an
Alternative to Conventional Energy Sources while an increasing
Number of Less Developed Nations have turned to Solar to
Reduce Dependence on Expensive imported Fuels.
Long-Distance Transmission allows Remote Renewable Energy
Resources to displace Fossil Fuel Consumption.
qSolar Power Plants use one of Two Technologies:

14. üPhotovoltaic (PV) Systems use Solar Panels, Either on
Rooftops or in Ground-Mounted Solar Farms, Converting
Sunlight directly into Electric Power.
üConcentrated Solar Power (CSP, also known as "Concentrated
Solar Thermal") Plants use Solar Thermal Energy, the System
uses Lenses or Mirrors and Tracking Systems to Concentrate
Sunlight, then use the Resulting Heat to generate Electricity
from Conventional Steam-Driven Turbines.

15. Concentrated Solar Power Photo Voltaic Cells

16. vHybrid Systems:
§A Hybrid System Combines PV and CSP with One another or
with Other Forms of Generation such as Diesel, Wind and
Biogas.
§The Combined Form of Generation may enable the System to
modulate Power Output as a Function of Demand or at Least
reduce the Fluctuating Nature of Solar Power and the
Consumption of Non-Renewable Fuel. Hybrid Systems are
most often found on Islands.

18. vPhotovoltaic Power Stations:
A Photovoltaic Power Station, also known as a Solar Park, Solar
Farm, or Solar Power Plant, is a Large-Scale Grid-Connected
Photovoltaic Power System (PV System) designed for the Supply
of Merchant Power. They are Differentiated from Most Building-
Mounted and other Decentralised Solar Power because they
Supply Power at the Utility Level, rather than to a local User or
Users.
The Generic Expression Utility-Scale Solar is Sometimes used to
describe this Type of Project.

19. §In Some Countries, the Nameplate Capacity of a Photovoltaic
Power Stations is rated in Megawatt-Peak (MWp), which refers
to the Solar Array's theoretical Maximum DC Power Output,
(Alfashir Power Plant (5) MWp).
§In Other Countries, the Manufacturer gives the Surface and
the Efficiency. However, Canada, Japan, Spain and the United
States often Specify using the Converted Lower Nominal
Power Output in (MWAC), a Measure Directly Comparable to
other Forms of Power Generation. A third and less Common
Rating is the Megavolt-Amperes (MVA).

20. §Most Solar Parks are Developed at a Scale of at least 1 MWp.
As of 2018, the World's Largest Operating Photovoltaic Power
Stations Surpass 1 Gigawatt.
§Most of the Existing large-Scale Photovoltaic Power Stations
are Owned and Operated by Independent Power Producers,
but the Involvement of Community and Utility-Owned Projects
is increasing. there are also Concentrating Solar Power
Stations.

21. vCost Per Watt:
The Typical Cost Factors for Solar Power include the Costs of the
Modules, the Frame to hold them, Wiring, Inverters, Labour Cost,
any Land that might be Required, the Grid Connection,..etc.
Photovoltaic Systems use no Fuel, and Modules Typically last 25
to 40 Years. Thus Upfront Capital and Initial Large Investment
with Almost Zero Operating Cost.

22. vProductivity By Location:
§The Productivity of Solar Power in a Region depends on Solar
Irradiance, which Varies through the Day and Year and is
influenced by Latitude and Climate. PV System Output Power
also depends on Ambient Temperature, Wind Speed, Solar
Spectrum, the Local Soiling Conditions, and other Factors.
§The Locations with Highest Annual Solar Irradiance are in the
Arid Tropics and Subtropics.

23. §Deserts Laying in Low Latitudes usually have few Clouds, and
can receive Sunshine for more than ten hours a day.
§These Hot Deserts form the Global Sun Belt Circling the World.
This Belt Consists of Extensive Swathes of Land in Northern
Africa, Southern Africa, Southwest Asia, Middle East, and
Australia, as well as the much Smaller Deserts of North and
South America. Africa's Eastern Sahara Desert, also known as
the Libyan Desert, has been Observed to be the Sunniest
Place on Earth according to NASA.

24. vDifferent Measurements of Solar Irradiance (Direct Normal
Irradiance, Global Horizontal Irradiance) are Mapped below:
North America

25. SOUTH (LATIN AMERICA):

26. EUROPE:

27. SOUTH & SOUTH EAST ASIA:

28. AFRICA & MIDDLE EAST

29. AUSTRALIA

30. WORLD: