Solar energy systems basic Lecture 1 and 2.pptx

Solar Energy basics

1. Solar Energy Systems Examination Scheme: MCQ-1: 20 Marks Review Project: 30 Marks End Sem Exam: 50 Marks Unit 1:- Basics of Solar Energy(6 Hours) Sun, Earth, solar radiation, losses, Radiation reaching the Earth, rotation of Earth, seasons and variations in solar radiation, solar angles and nomenclature, solar radiation spectrum, Basics of heat transfer, conduction, convection, radiation of heat, absorption, reflection and transmission of radiation; Movement of Sun in the sky, solar tracking, types of solar tracking systems, methods and algorithms for solar tracking, tracking control.

2. Solar Energy Systems Unit 2 :-Introduction to Solar Thermal Technologies and Systems [7 Hrs] Introduction to solar thermal systems, non-concentrating and concentrating type systems:- flat plate collectors, properties of flat plate collectors, systems using flat plate collectors, Evacuated tube collectors, various types of solar concentrating systems, viz. parabolic trough, dish type, linear Fresnel, Heliostat, non-imaging type. Solar water heating systems and solar air heating systems; Solar cookers: low cost, box, concentrating, standalone dishes and large-scale cooking systems -flat plate collectors, evacuated tube collectors, -heat pipes; their designs, components, materials, equipment, characteristics, life.

3. Solar Energy Systems Unit 3:- Introduction to Solar Photovoltaic Technologies and Systems [7 Hrs] Physics of photovoltaic (PV) electricity, Photodiode and solar cell, Solar radiation spectrum for PV, Types of solar cell and comparison, Introduction to various types of solar module manufacturing, -Basic system design, Types of systems, Common applications of solar PV, Introduction to solar PV (SPV) systems, SPV appliances, Solar inverters, Batteries, Operation and maintenance of SPV, Software tools for SPV, Standards and certification for SPV, Basics of SPV systems, Elements of SPV appliances and power plants, Procurement versus production, Bought-outs, assemblies, sub-assemblies, Manufacturing and assembly, Manufacturing standards, Quality assurance and standards, Certification, Site assembly and fabrication, Typical shop layouts, Inventory management, Economics of manufacturing .

4. Solar Energy Systems Unit 4:- Solar Power Plants Various types of solar thermal power plants, parabolic trough, heliostat or central tower, dish, etc., Balance of plant for solar thermal systems; Small capacity SPV power plants, Grid tied SPV power plants, Large scale SPV power plants, Balance of system; designs, components, materials, equipment, characteristics, life, site requirements, installation, quality assurance, operations and maintenance, hybrid systems, etc. Unit 5:- Life cycle costing, payback, return on investment; calculations for selection costing and payback for solar water heating system and solar thermal power plants Financial modeling of SPV Environmental impact assessment.

5. Solar Energy Systems Unit 6:-Field Visit and Practical One or more of the following visits may be undertaken. • SPV power plant • Testing and certification facility for solar energy systems • Solar thermal system manufacturing facility. One or more of the following practical may be undertaken. • SPV module characterization • Effect of temperature on SPV performance • Estimating efficiency of flat plate solar collector • Estimating efficiency of solar concentrator

6. What is Solar Energy? • • • • The most precise Solar Energy definition : Energy from the sun. But what is solar energy really? There are two types of solar energy: Thermal Energy & Electric Energy Thermal Energy: Thermal Energy is everywhere. It’s lights up our days. It heats the earth, our bodies and our homes. It dries our clothes . All for free! Electric Energy: Electric Energy uses the power of the sun to produce electricity through solar cells, otherwise known as Photovoltaics (PV).

7. • • • • • • The Sun Diameter: 1.39E9 m (120 x greater than earth) Distance from earth = 1.495E11 m (93 million miles) ± 1.7% Ce nt e r : D e n s it y ≅ 1 00 x d e n s i t y o f wa t er a n d T > 1E 6 K Powered by hydrogen fusion Composed of layers. The outer layer is the photosphere Effective blackbody temperature of 5777 K C o n t ’ d

8. Cont’d • • • coal deposits will d e p l e t e w i t h i n t h e n e x t 2 00 to 3 years and petroleum deposits will deplete in next few decades The most advantage using Solar Energy is that this is distributed over a wide geographical area, ensuring that developing regions such as India have access to electricity generation at a stable cost for the long-term future The huge consumption of fossil fuels has caused visible damage to the environment in various forms W h h y y S S o o l l a a r r E E n n e e r r g y

9. The following table shows the amount of carbon and sulphur deposited in the atmosphere C o n t’d S. No Activity Amount deposited in the atmosphere 1. Human Vehicle, Waste product etc 8 billion tones 2. Fossil fuels 6.5 million tones 3. Deforestation and forest firing 1.5 million tones A t t p r e s e n t t s o m a a n n y a a l t l t e e r n n a a t t i v iv e f f u u e l s l s h h a a v v e b b e n d d e e v e l o l o p p e e d d , , s t l i l l l t h e y a a r re a b l e l e to m et o n n ly ly a small p p r ro p por t t io ion o f f o u u r r actual d d e emand - - T T h h e e r r i i g i g g h h t t f f u u e e l l m m i i x i x x I I m m p p o o r r t t a a n n c ce o o f f S S o o l l a ar E E n nergy

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12. • 1838 - Edmund Becquerel observed materials which turn light into energy • 1876 - 78 - William Adams, wrote the first book about Solar Energy called: A A S S ubs ubs ti ti tute tute for for F F ue ue l l i i n n Tr Tr opi opi c c a a l l C C ount r ount r i i e e s s a n d was a b le t o p o wer a 2.5 horsepower steam engine • 1860- Auguste Mouchout, used direct conversion of solar radiation into mechanical power. • 1895 - Aubrey Eneas formed the first Solar Energy company • 1904 - Henry Willsie built 2 huge plants in California to store generated power. He was the first to successfully use power at night after generating it during the day • • • • • 1838 - Edmund observed materials which turn light into energy 1876 - 78 - William Adams, wrote the first book about Solar Energy called : A Substitute for Fuel in Tropical Countries and was able to power a 2.5 horsepower steam engine 1860- Auguste Mouchout, used direct conversion of solar radiation into mechanical power. 1895 - Aubrey Eneas formed the first Solar Energy company 1904 - Henry Willsie built 2 huge plants in California to store generated power. He was the first to successfully use power at night after generating it during the day H I I S T OR I I C A L M I I L E S T ON E S Mouchouts Solar Collector C o n t’d

13. HISTORICAL MILESTONES • 1954 -Calvin Fuller, Gerald Pearson and Daryl Chaplin of Bell Laboratories discovered the use of silicon as a semi-conductor, which led to the construction of a solar panel with an efficiency rate of 6%. • 1956 -The first commercial solar cell was made available to the public at a $300 per watt very expensive $300 per watt • 1958- Vanguard I the first satellite was launched that used solar energy to generate electricity. • 1970 - Th e Th e E E n e n e r r g g y y C C r r i i s s i i s s ! ! ( O ( O P E P E C C o o i i l l em b a rgo) embargo) Solar energy history was made as the price of solar cells $2 dropped dramatically to about $20 pe pe r r w w a a tt. tt. • • • • 1954 -Calvin Fuller, Gerald Pearson and Daryl Chaplin discovered the use of silicon as a semi-conductor , which led to the construction of a solar panel with an efficiency rate of 6%. 1956 -The first commercial solar cell was made available to the public at a very expensive $300 per watt 1958- Vanguard I :- the first satellite was launched that used solar energy to generate electricity. 1970- price of solar cells dropped dramatically to about $20 per watt. C o n t’d

14. 1) Sunlight hit the solar panel (photovoltaic/ PV) and absorbed by semi-conducting materials such as silicone. 2) Electrons are knocked loose from their atoms, which allow them to flow through the material to produce electricity. This process is called the photovoltaic (PV) effect. 3) An array of solar panels converts solar energy into DC (direct current) electricity. 4) The DC electricity enters an inverter. 5) The inverter turns DC electricity into 120-volt AC (alternating current) 6) The AC power enters the utility panel in the hou s e. 7) The electricity (load) is then distributed to appliances or lights in the house. Sunlight hit the solar panel (photovoltaic/ PV) and absorbed by semi-conducting materials such as silicon. Electrons are knocked loose from their atoms, which allow them to flow through the material to produce electricity. This process is called the photovoltaic (PV) effect . An array of solar panels converts solar energy into DC (direct current) electricity. The DC electricity enters an inverter. The inverter turns DC electricity into 120-volt AC (alternating current) The AC power enters the utility panel in the house. The electricity (load) is then distributed to appliances or lights in the house. C o n t’d Working of PV Cell

15. 8) When more solar energy is generated it can be stored in a battery as DC electricity and will continue to supply your home with electricity in the event of a power blackout or at nighttime. 9) When the battery is full the excess electricity can be exported back into the utility grid, if your system is connected to it. 10) Utility supplied electricity can also be drawn form the grid when not enough solar energy is p r o d u c ed 11) The flow of electricity in and out of the utility grid is measured by a utility meter, which spins backwards (when you are producing more energy that you need) and forward (when you require additional electricity from the utility company). The two are offset ensuring that you only pay for the additional energy you use from the utility company. This system is referred to as "net- me t e r ing " . When more solar energy is generated it can be stored in a battery as DC electricity and will continue to supply your home with electricity in the event of a power blackout or at night - time . When the battery is full the excess electricity can be exported back into the utility grid, if your system is connected to it. Utility supplied electricity can also be drawn form the grid when not enough solar energy is produced The flow of electricity in and out of the utility grid is measured by a utility meter , it ensuring that you only pay for the additional energy you use from the utility company. This system is referred to as "net- metering" . C o n t’d Working of PV Cell

16. • Begun as far back as in the mid 70’s solar photovoltics programme of the Government of India is one of the largest in the World • Reliefs offered by government on SPV manufacturers and users of SPV based products : * 100% depreciation in the first year of installation of the systems * No excise duty for manufacturers * Low import tariff for several raw materials and components * Soft loans to users, intermediaries and manufacturers. • * * * * Started in the mid 70’s solar photovoltics programme of the Government of India is one of the largest in the World Reliefs offered by government on SPV manufacturers and users of SPV based products : No excise duty for manufacturers Low import tariff for several raw materials and components Soft loans to users, intermediaries and manufacturers. POSTAL STAMP PUBLISHED BY GOI S S o o l l a a r r P P h h o o t t o o v v o o l l atics in India C o n t’d

17. Promoting use of PV technology to privide lighting in the house in the form S S o o l l ar P h h o o t t o o v v ol a t t i i c s i n I n n di a ( ( c c o o n n t t ’ ’ d) C o n t’d Systems Capacity Uses Community lighting systems 1KW to 2.5 KW Small household lighting system Portable solar lanterns 10Wp SPV module lighting 7 W CFL lamp for 3 hours a day Street lights 75Wp SPV module Charging 100-130AH battery to run a 11W CFL lamp for dusk to dawn operation Fixed home lighting systems 35-50Wp SPV module powering two CFLs -- 9 or 11W , work 4-5 hours /day, run a small TV set or a fan Water Pumping 1KW DC motor shallow pumping

18. SOLAR POWERED AUTORIKSHAW NASA designed Solar Powered vehicle HELLIOS C o n t’d APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR ENERGY

19. Semi automatic war Machine-Odysseus Solar Car - Quant Cont’d Applications of Solar Energy

20. Solar Cooker Used in rural India C o n t’d Application of Solar Energy Solar Street Light

21. Solar Energy Advantages • • • Saves you money After the initial investment has been recovered, the energy from the sun is practically FREE. Financial incentives are available form the government that will reduce your cost. • • • • • Environment friendly It's not affected by the supply and demand of fuel and is therefore not subjected to the ever-increasing price of gasoline. Solar Energy is clean, renewable (unlike gas, oil and coal), sustainable and helping to protect our environment. As we see previously ,it does no pollute air. Therefore Solar Energy does not contribute to global warming, acid rain or smog . It actively contributes to the decrease of harmful green house gas emissions . By not using any fuel, Solar Energy does not contribute to the cost and problems of the recovery and transportation of fuel or the storage of radioactive waste. C o n t’d

22. Solar Energy Advantages (cont’d) • • • Low/ no maintenance Solar Energy systems are virtually maintenance free and will last for decades. Once installed, there are no recurring costs . They operate silently, have no moving parts, do not release offensive smells and do not require you to add any fuel . More solar panels can easily be added in the future when your family's needs grow. C o n t’d

23. Solar Energy- Main Drawbacks • • • • • The initial cost is the main disadvantage of installing a solar energy system, largely because of the high cost of the semi-conducting materials used in building one. The cost of solar energy is also high compared to non-renewable utility-supplied electricity. Solar panels require quite a large area for installation to achieve a good level of efficiency. The efficiency of the system also relies on the location of the sun, although this problem can be overcome with the installation of certain components. The production of solar energy is influenced by the presence of clouds or pollution in the air . Similarly, no solar energy will be produced during night - time . But a battery backup system or net metering will solve this problem . As far as solar powered cars go - their slower speed might not appeal to everyone . Cont’d

24. FINAL VERDICT • Penalizing extractive and polluting fossil-fuel e nergy • Create Incentives – Feed-in tariffs – Net metering – R eba t es – Consumer tax deductions – Production Tax credits • Invest in R&D Penalizing extractive and polluting fossil-fuel e nergy Create Incentives Feed-in tariffs Net metering Rebates Consumer tax deductions Production Tax credits Invest in R&D Tools For Adoption & Acceleration S o a l a r r E n e r rgy C o l l e l e c c t t o r r S o a l a r r D i s is h Cont’d

25. No! But it can do much more than it does now. “ Old guys ” don’t know about solar design. It is up to the “ New Graduates ” to promote solar. C o n t’d C C a a n n s s o o l l a a r r d d o o i i t t a a l l l l ? ?