Solar Energy systems slides for renewable

Solar energy systems for renewable energy course.

1. Dr Detlef Hummes Renewable Energy Sources Fundamentals of Solar Energy Dr Detlef Hummes

2. Dr Detlef Hummes F undamentals of Solar Energy The Sun is the source of all Renewable Energies 2.8 x 10 23 kW 1.5 x 10 18 kW = 1,500,000,000 TW

3. Dr Detlef Hummes F undamentals of Solar Energy Direct conversion Concentrated Solar Power (Solar Thermal) Photo Voltaic (Solar Photovoltaic)

4. Dr Detlef Hummes F undamentals of Solar Energy Indirect Conversion Wind Energy Hydro Energy Tidal Energy Ocean Wave Energy Biomass Energy Fossil Fuel

5. Dr Detlef Hummes F undamentals of Solar Energy

6. Dr Detlef Hummes F undamentals of Solar Energy

7. Dr Detlef Hummes Scattering of Solar Radiation Scattering by Dust Particles and Air Molecules Back to the space (x-ray and Ultraviolett) S trongly by O 3 Diffuse Radiation Why is the sky blue?

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9. Dr Detlef Hummes       Ultraviolett Infrared Visible

10. Dr Detlef Hummes Path length is accounted in terms of AIR MASS m = (BA)/(CA) e.q. m = 2  

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14. Dr Detlef Hummes To achieve maximum power selection the tilt has to be changed during the year and the day But: 2-axis tracking is expensive Alternative 1-axis tracker or just adjustment during season

15. Dr Detlef Hummes Solar Time Solar time is measured with reference to solar noon Solar noon is the time when the sun has its highest position Solar time = Standard time +/- (L st – L loc ) (min) + E(min) L st = standard longitude for measuring standard time L loc = longitude of the observer + for western hemisphere – for eastern hemisphere E = equation of time (correction of earth rotation and orbital revolution)

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17. Dr Detlef Hummes The angle of latitude is the angle between the location and the equator plane P ositive for the northern hemisphere Negative for the southern hemisphere

18. Dr Detlef Hummes n = day of the year starting from 1 st of January The declination angle  

19. Dr Detlef Hummes The declination angle  

20. Dr Detlef Hummes The hour angle  

21. Dr Detlef Hummes Solar inclination angle Solar azimuth angle Zenith angle  

22. Dr Detlef Hummes Tilt angle S urface azimuth angle  

23. Dr Detlef Hummes Angle of Indicence  

24. Dr Detlef Hummes The solar day length The hour angle at sunset or sunrise at horizontal surface is given by + for sunrise – for sunset The total hours between sunrise and sunset it given by During 1 h the earth moves by 15 o so the daylight hour t d is given to

25. Dr Detlef Hummes For any day of the year in the northern hemisphere the hour angle is given by

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28. Dr Detlef Hummes Extraterrestrial Radiation on Horizontal Surface At any point of time the radiation outside the atmosphere incident on a horizontal surface is given by

29. Dr Detlef Hummes Daily Radiation     i n hours   i n seconds

30. Dr Detlef Hummes Hourly Radiation

31. Dr Detlef Hummes Monthly Average and Daily Global Radiation (empirical)

32. Dr Detlef Hummes E L = Elevation above the sea level in km  

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34. Dr Detlef Hummes Monthly Average and Daily Diffuse Radiation Latitude Range from 36 o N to 36 o S M onthly average clearness index

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36. Dr Detlef Hummes Empirical Monthly Average Hourly Global Radiation Latitude Range from 65 o N to 65 o S

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38. Dr Detlef Hummes Empirical Monthly Average Hourly Diffusive Radiation

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