Solid dosage forms ppt

Dosage forms come in many types, depending on the method or route of administration. Solid dosage forms, semi-solid dosage forms, liquid dosage forms, and gaseous dosage forms are used for the diagnosis or treatment of the disease by various routes. Solid dosage forms are the most significant dosage forms in pharmaceuticals; it has one or more unit dose of medicament. The solid dosage form is the most commonly used and prescribed by doctors as compared to other dosage forms. It can be administered orally in the form of tablets, capsules, powders, etc. Of these, the tablet is one of the most commonly used oral solid dosage forms.

1. Solid dosage forms Dr. P. R. Chavan Pharm D

2. Solid dosage form classification as per use The bulk forms meant for internal use are supplied either as granules or fine powder. The bulk powders meant for external use are dusting powders, insufflations, snuffs and tooth powders.

3. Powders are the solid dosage form of medicament, which are meant for internal or external use. They are available in crystalline or amorphous form.

4. The powders are generally used in the following forms: Bulk powder for internal use e.g. fine powders or granules 2. Bulk powder for external use e.g. snuffs, dusting powders and tooth powders. 3. Simple and compound powders for internal use. 4. Powders in the form of compressed tablets and tablet triturates. 5. Powders enclosed in cachets and capsules

5. Dusting Powders These are meant for external application to the skin and are generally applied in a very fine state of subdivision to avoid local irritation. Hence , dusting powders should be passed through a number 80 sieve to enhance their effectiveness. Dusting powders are of two types:  Medical  Surgical

6. Medical dusting powders are used mainly for superficial skin conditions. Surgical dusting powders are used in body cavities and also on major wounds as a result of burns and umbilical cords of infants. Surgical dusting powders must be sterilised before their use, whereas medical dusting powders must be free from dangerous pathogenic microorganisms.

7. Dusting powders are generally prepared by mixing two or more ingredients . one of which must be either starch, kaolin or talc as one of the ingredients of the formulation.'

8. Talc and kaolin are more commonly used because these are chemically inert. However , since such ingredients are realiy contaminated with pathogenic bacteria they must be sterilised before their use. The dusting powders are mainly used for their antiseptic, astringent, absorbent, antiperspirant and antipruritic (anti-itching) action.

9. Insufflations These are medicated dusting powders meant for introduction into body cavities (nose, throat, ear, vagina etc) with the help of an apparatus known as a insufflator . It sprays the powders (in a state of fine particles) on site of application.

10. Snuffs These are finely divided solid dosage forms of medicaments which are inhaled into nostrils. They are mainly used for their antiseptic, bronchodilator and decongestion action.

11. D entifrices Dentifrices are  preparations meant to clean the teeth and other parts of oral cavity (gums) using a finger or a toothbrush . They are available as tooth powder, toothpastes, gels, dental creams and even as dental foams.

12. Tablets: Solid dosage form containing medicaments with or without excipients – prepared by moulding and compression.

13. Granules: Aggregate of particles Granulation is the process in which dry  primary powder particles  (i.e. single, discrete powder particles) are processed to adhere to form larger multi-particle entities called  granules .  size range between 0.2 and 4.0 mm, After granulation, the granules will either be packaged (when used as a dosage form) or they may be mixed with other excipients prior to tablet compaction or capsule filling.

14. Reasons For Granulation To prevent segregation of the constituents of the powder mix To improve the flow properties of the mix To improve the compaction characteristics of the mix

15. Types of granules There are several categories of granules: • effervescent granules • coated granules • gastro-resistant granules • modified-release granules.

16. Effervescent granules. Effervescent granules are uncoated granules generally containing acid substances and carbonates or hydrogen carbonates which react rapidly in the presence of water to release carbon dioxide. They are intended to be dissolved or dispersed in water before administration.

17. The effervescence and subsequent disintegration of the granules should be complete within 5 minutes at which time the granule ingredients should be either dissolved or dispersed in the water. Effervescent granules should be stored in an airtight container.

18. Coated granules. Coated granules consist of granules coated with one or more layers of mixtures of various excipients. The substances used as coatings (generally polymers) are usually applied as a solution or suspension in conditions in which evaporation of the vehicle occurs leaving a film of coating 

19. Modified-release granules Modified-release granules are coated or uncoated granules that contain special excipients or which are prepared by special procedures, or both, designed to modify the rate, the place or the time at which the active substance or substances are released. Modified-release granules may have prolonged-release or delayed-release properties.

20. Gastro-resistant granules. Gastro-resistant granules (also referred to as enteric-coated granules) are delayed-release granules that are intended to resist the gastric fluid and to release the active substance(s) in the intestine fluid. This is generally achieved by covering the granules with a gastro-resistant polymer

21. Capsules: Drug enclosed with gelatin capsule

22. Cachets: Drugs enclosed with wafer sheet of rice –

23. Pills: Small tablet containing excipients

24. Lozenges: Solid preparations containing sugar and gum used to medicate mouth and throat

25. Suppositories: Solid dosage containing medicaments with suitable suppository base that inserted in to the body cavities other than mouth, like rectum, nose, ear

26. Poultices: Solid dosage form converted to paste like preparation used externally in the skin to reduce inflammation

27. Advantages of solid dosage form: The major advantage of solid dosage forms is a high precision, lowest variability, stable and accurate dosing . The formulation of solid dosage forms is simpler than liquid and semi-solid dosage forms . Solid dosage forms have a strong onset of action.

28. Several medicines and excipients or ingredients can combine, making it easier for the patient to avoid having to administer multiple doses . The liquid form of the drug can be converted into a solid form using a capsule . Doses are available according to the patient's requirements . These are easy for packaging, transport and it does not require special conditions for storage.

29. It is easy to swallow and can be attractive to children . It is very simple to swallow with water . It is useful whenever partial doses are required. It is easy to divide it into parts . As it is easy and rapidly digested it does not harm the gastrointestinal tract.

30. Unpleasant taste and odor of drugs can be masked using the capsules and sugar coating for tablets . It can be manufactured in custom sizes, shapes, and colors as per requirement . It can protect the API from atmospheric conditions such as moisture, temperature, and light, etc . Solid dosage forms are stable in chemical, physical, and microbiological properties.

31. Disadvantages of solid dosage form: The main disadvantage of the solid dosage form is that it is not easy to swallow, particularly for children, and the elderly, and it cannot be given to the unconscious patient . An API that has slow dissolution rates, low solubility in water, low density, amorphous and high absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, they are difficult to prepare . Several medicines cause gastric irritation when administered in the form of a tablet.

32. Hygroscopic drugs are not suitable for these types of dosage forms . Sometimes patients experience discomfort due to unpleasant taste and smell and avoid swallowing it . Coating, encapsulation of tablets, and complex process of capsules may increase production costs in the pharmaceutical industry.