solid wast managment module 1 best notes

solid waste occurence and managment,recycling

1. Module 1c Collection and Transport of Solid Waste Waste collection systems Alternative techniques for collection system. Need for transfer operation, transport means and methods.

2. 2 Solid Waste Management Waste generation Waste handling, separation, storage, and processing at the source Collection Transfer and transport Separation, processing and transformation Disposal

3. Approximate Decomposition Time of Waste Type of Waste Degeneration Time Organic waste such as vegetable and fruit peels, leftover foodstuff, etc. a week or two. Paper 10–30 days Cotton cloth 2–5 months Wood 10–15 years Woolen items 1 year Tin, aluminum, and other metal items such as cans 100–500 years Plastic bags one million years Glass bottles undetermined

4. Decentralization of waste

5. Load count analysis: The number of individual loads and the corresponding waste characteristics are noted Weight-Volume analysis: By weighing and measuring each load Material-balance analysis: steady state dM / dt = Σ M in - Σ M out + r w M in : Material flow into M out : Material flow out r w : rate of waste generation kg/d Methods to estimate waste quantities

6. Source reduction and recycling activities Public attitudes and legislation Geographic and physical factors Factors affecting waste generation rates

7. Handling and Storage The handling, storage and processing of solid wastes at the source before they are collected is the 2nd of 6 functional elements of MSWM. This unit includes a description and discussion of the Handling, Storage and Processing of waste materials at the source .

8. On-Site Waste Handling It’s an activity associated with the handling of solid waste until they are placed in containers. Waste handling depends on types of waste materials separated for reuse and recycling . Also its an activity to move the loaded containers to the collection point and to return empty containers to the point where they are stored between collections.

9. On site separation The separation of waste paper, cardboard, aluminium cans, glass and plastic containers at the source. It is the most effective ways to achieve recovery and reuse of material. Stored in a separate container until they are collected.

10. Waste handling and separation at residential dwellings For the purpose of handling and separation of wastes, the residential dwellings are classified as (a) Low rise buildings ( < 4 stories ) 1. Single family detached 2. Single family attached (b) Medium rise buildings ( 4-7 stories ) (c) High rise buildings ( > 7 stories )

11. Low- Rise Detached Dwellings Residents or tenants are responsible for placing solid waste, recyclable materials around their dwelling in storage containers. And also transporting the filled containers to the street curb for collection.

12. Waste components separated are placed large containers. Recyclable materials separated are placed special containers or bags . In some residents, waste compactors are used to reduce the volume and placed in containers or sealed plastic bags.

13. Low and Medium – Rise Apartments Handling are same as low rise dwellings But waste storage location and collection may be different. Typical solid waste storage locations include - basement storage - outdoor storage - sometimes compactor storage

14. Basement storage/Curbside collection A basement storage room or area provided for storage of solid waste. Containers used for recycling within or next to storage area. Residents carry their waste and recyclable to the storage area and deposit. The maintenance staff is responsible for transporting the containers to street for curbside collection.

15. Outdoor Storage/ Mechanized Collection In many low and medium-rise apartments, large waste storage containers are located outdoor. The large containers are emptied mechanically using collection vehicles equipped with unloading mechanisms. Containers used for recycling located within the outdoor storage area .

16. Residents carry their waste and recyclable materials to the storage area and deposit in appropriate containers. In some apartments, maintenance staff responsible for above or collect from a utility room located on each floor. In some apartments different coloured garbage bags are provided to segregate waste at source But their usability is questioned as aware citizens choose to do according to their conveniences

17. At High-Rise Apartments Methods of handling involves one or more of the following: 1. Wastes are picked up by building maintenance personnel (or) porters from the various floors and taken to the basement (or) service area . 2. Wastes are taken to the basements by tenants. 3. Wastes discharged in chutes (or) collected in large containers , compacted in to large containers. In many high rise apartments, solid waste chutes are used with large compactors.

18. In some recently constructed apartment buildings, underground pneumatic transport systems used with individual apartment chutes. The underground pneumatic systems transport wastes from chute discharge point to centralized processing facilities Both air pressure and vacuum transport systems used in this application.

19. Typical underground pneumatic waste transport system for high-rise apartment buildings

20. Waste Handling and Separation at commercial Buildings Collected in large containers mounted with rollers. Once filled, these containers removed by service elevators and emptied into 1. Large storage containers 2. Compactors used with storage containers 3. Stationary compactors with designed container 4. Other processing equipment .

21. In many office and commercial buildings, the papers collected for recycling . The waste to be recycled stored in separate containers In large commercial facilities baling equipment used for paper and can crushers used for aluminum cans

22. On-Site Storage The first phase to manage solid waste is at home level. It requires facilities for temporarily storing of refuse on the premises. Individual house holders (or) tenants have responsibility for onsite storage of solid waste. Four factors that should be considered in the on-site storage of solid waste are: The effects of storage on the waste components. Type of container to be used The location of containers Public health and aesthetics

23. Effects of Storage on Waste Components The effects based on the characteristics of waste being stored These effects of storing wastes include 1. Biological decomposition 2. The absorption of fluids 3. The contamination of waste components

24. Microbiological decomposition Food and other waste placed in containers immediately start microbiological decomposition ( putrefaction ) as a result growth of bacteria and fungi. For extended period of time, flies start breed and odours.

25. The absorption of fluids Waste components have initial moisture contents are stored together, paper will absorb moisture from food waste and garden trimmings. Degree of absorption depends on time the waste stored until collection If stored more than a week in enclosed container, the moisture distributed throughout the waste

26. The contamination of waste components Most serious effect on site storage Major waste components contaminated by small amount of waste like motor oils, cleaners and paints. It reduces the value of individual components for recycling

27. Storage Container The types and capacities of containers depend on - characteristics and types of solid waste to be collected - the type of collection system in use - the collection frequency - the space available for placement of containers.

28. Container Storage Locations Container storage locations depends on - type of dwelling or commercial facilities - the available space - access to collection services

29. Residential Dwellings Between collections, containers used in low-rise detached dwellings placed 1. at the sides or rear of the house 2. in alleys, where alley collection is used 3. in or next to garage/carport or some common location specifically designed for that purpose. Two or more dwellings located close, a concrete pad open or surrounded by wooden enclosure.

30. For low- and medium-rise apartment buildings include basement storage and outdoor storage. In large high-rise apartments, waste storage and processing equipment is located in the basement of the building .

31. Storage containers as per Indian Conditions The segregation of garbage at source is primarily meant to keep solid waste generated separately in different containers (i.e.) bio degradable waste in one container (GREEN) and nonbio degradable waste in another container (RED). The storage of garbage used by pedestrians (or) the floating populations, bins should be located at regular intervals. The bins should be placed on “ TWO BINS BASIS”

32. Some types of receptacles presently used for storage are: (a) Buckets (b) Plastics / HDPE / MDPE bins (c) Plastic bags (d) Metal bins with (or) without lids . The MSW Rules, 2000 describes, “ The littering of municipal solid waste shall be prohibited in cities, towns and in urban areas notified by the State Government ”

33. Plastic liners for cans and wrapping for garbage reduce the need for cleaning of cans and containers. It avoids bad odors , rat and fly breeding. Galvanized metal is preferable for garbage storage because it is resistant to corrosion. Bulk containers are recommended where large volumes of refuse are generated such as hotels, restaurants, apartment houses, shopping centres .

34. They should have tightly fitting covers . They must be of such size that, when full, can be lifted easily by one man . They should be located in a cool place over platforms, at least 30 cm above ground level . The bins must be emptied at least daily and maintained in clean conditions.

35. An adequate number of suitable containers should be provided with proper platforms with stand. Suitable containers shall be water tight, rust resistant, tight fitting covers, fire resistant, enough size, light in weight, side handle & washable.

36. On-Site Processing On site waste processing is used : (a) To reduce the volume (b) To recover usable materials (c) To alter the physical form of the solid wastes.

37. Onsite Processing Operations I. Low-rise Detached Residential Dwellings 1. Food Waste Grinding 2. Component Separation 3. Compaction 4. Incineration (in fireplaces) 5. Composting II. Low-, Medium-, High-rise Apartments 1. Food Waste Grinding 2. Component Separation 3. Compaction

38. Grinding of food waste Food waste grinders used for wastes from preparation, cooking, and serving of foods. Grinders render the material to suitable for transport through sewer system. The food waste grinders used where the weight of waste collected per person is low. Where grinders used, the time period between collection is increased.

39. Separation of wastes It is one of the most effective way to achieve the recovery and reuse of materials. Compaction Two principal types of compactors used for processing of wastes in residential dwellings Small (individual) home and apartment compaction units and Large compactors used to compact wastes from a large number of apartments.

40. Home and Apartment Compaction Units Small compactors manufactured based on the ratio of loose paper and corrugated paper. It reduces the volume of waste upto 70%. They can be used for only small proportion of the solid waste generated. The drawback of compaction , if the wastes to be separated into components at MRF, the compacted waste have to be broken up before sorting. Also by compacting, the waste may become so saturated with the liquids present in the food waste that the recovery of paper or other components may not be feasible.

41. Compactors for large Apartment Buildings Compactor is installed at the bottom of the solid waste chute. Wastes falling through chute active the compactor by means of photoelectric cells or limit switches. The compressed waste may be formed into bales and loaded automatically into metal container or paper bags.

42. When a bale formed or container or bag filled, the compactor shutdown automatically and warning light turns on. The operator tie and remove the bale from compactor, or remove the full bag and replace it with empty one. The compactors reduce the volume, the weight remains same. The compacted volume 20 to 60% less of the original volume.

43. Composting It is an effective way of reducing organic materials and altering physical composition of solid waste, at the same time producing useful by-product . The impact of home composting on the volume of solid waste to be handled is very small.

44. Backyard Composting It requires individual home owner develop some method of composting yard wastes( leaves and grass clippings and also brush, stumps, and wood ) The simplest backyard composting method involves placement of materials in a pile and watering and turning it to provide moisture and oxygen to the microorganisms within pile.

45. Composting period upto a year , the material placed in the pile undergo bacterial and fungal decomposition until only humus material known as compost remains. Composted materials, biologically stabilised can be used as mulching Many prefabricated composting units are available. Additives also available to enhance the composting process.

46. Lawn Mulching Another type of composting involves leaving grass chippings from a newly mowed lawn where they were cut. The gross chippings will be composted and incorporated into the humus.

47. Combustion In the past, burning of combustible materials in fireplaces and burning of rubbish in backyard incinerators was common practice. Backyard incineration is now banned. Elimination of backyard burning increased the quantity of paper, cardboard and yard wastes collected. Waste combustion is still in many parts of the world.

48. Processing of Solid Waste at Commercial Facilities Compaction The baling of waste cardboard at markets and other commercial establishments is common. The bales vary in size, typically about 36 x 48 x 60 in. Baled cardboard is reprocessed for production of packing materials or shipped overseas for remanufacture into variety of products.

49. Shredding and Hydropulping Shredding used mostly in commercial establishments and by governmental agencies to destroy sensitive documents that are no longer of value. Some cases, volume of wastes increased after shredding.

50. Although Hydropulping system work well They are expensive and discharge to local wastewater collection system. Because the discharge of pulped material increases the organic loading on local treatment facilities.

51. The various factors that enters in, when deciding the best suitable method are: (a) System’s impact on local & global environment (b) Reliability (c) Safety to workers and to local community (d) Ease of operations (e) Efficiency (f) Economics & aesthetics (noise, odours, litter)

52. Public health & Aesthetics Aspects of On-Site Storage Public Health Public health concerns areas used for the storage of solid waste with vermin and insects that serve as potential disease vectors. The most effective control measure for both rats and flies is proper sanitation . It involves the use of containers with lids , the periodic washing of the containers, storage areas and removal of biodegradable materials.

53. Aesthetics Aesthetic considerations related to production of odours and unsightly conditions when adequate attention not given to maintenance. Odours can be controlled through use of containers with lids and reasonable collection frequency. If odour persist, sprayed with masking deodorant. To maintain aesthetic conditions, the container should be scrubbed and washed periodically.

54. TYPES OF COLLECTION SYSTEMS Hauled Container System (HCS): - Container is hauled to disposal sites, emptied, and returned to original location or some other location - Suitable for areas where higher waste generation - Types: Hoist truck : 2 - 10 m 3 Tilt frame container: 10 - 40 m 3 - Trash trailer - for heavy, bulky rubbish (construction, commercial, usually open top container); 2 crew per vehicle.

55. Hoist truck Tilt frame container Trash Trailer

56. Collection systems in which the containers used for the storage of wastes are hauled to the processing, transfer or disposal site, emptied and returned to either their original location or some other location are defined as hauled container systems. There are two main types of hauled container systems: Hoist Truck T ilt frame container, Trash-trailer . The collector is responsible for driving the vehicle, loading full containers and unloading empty containers and emptying the contents of the container at the disposal site . In some cases, for safety reasons, both a driver and helper are used. Systems that use tilt frame loaded vehicles and large containers, often called drop boxes are ideally suited for the collection of all types of solid waste and rubbish from locations where the generation rate warrants the use of large containers. The application of trash-trailers is similar to that of frame container systems. Trash trailers are better for the collection of especially heavy rubbish and often are used for the collection of demolition wastes at construction sites.

57. TYPES OF COLLECTION SYSTEMS Stationary Container Systems: - the container used to store waste remain at the point of generation; except when moved to curb or other location to be emptied. Types include: Mechanically-loaded system Manually-loaded collection vehicle - Used for residential/commercial sites. Vehicle w/ internal compaction mechanism or un-compacted

58. Container systems in which the containers used for the storage of wastes remain at the point of waste generation, except when moved for collection are defined as stationary container system Labour requirements for mechanically loaded stationary container systems are essentially the same as for hauled container system. There are two main types of stationary container systems: those in which self loading compactors are used. those in which manually loaded vehicles are used . Container size and utilization are not as critical in stationary container systems using self loading collection vehicles equipped with a compaction mechanism as they are in hauled container system. Trips to the disposal site, transfer station or processing station are made after the contents of number of containers have been collected and compacted and the collection vehicle is full. This system is used for the collection of all types of wastes .

59. Pick Up: depends on the type of c ollection system HCS: refers to time spent driving to the next container after empty container has been deposited, time spent picking up the loaded container, and the time required to redeposit the container after its contents have been emptied SCS: time spent loading the collection vehicle(from the first container to the last container ) Haul : Depends on collection system used HCS: Time required to reach the location where the contents of the container would be emptied (transfer station, MRF or disposal site) and also the time for travel to redeposit the empty container. It does not include any time at the location or at site SCS: time taken to reach the location and time taken to reach the transfer station or MRF to deposit the waste At Site: At Site: time spent at the location during the process of unloading Off Route: time spent for all unproductive activities wrt collection operation Activities

60. Costs in SW Collection Systems: Capital Costs (i.e. depreciation costs for vehicles, garages, administrative services). Interest costs of debt (to acquire /construct facilities/equip.) Costs (i.e., labor, parts, oil, tires) of repairing and maintaining facility/equip .). Employee benefits (pension, etc.). Cost of temporary employees (short-term needs).

61. Costs in SW Collection Systems(Cont.): Overhead costs (executives, supporting staff). Costs associated with budgeting, accounting, and report activities. Costs associated with billing and collecting user charges. Liability and damage claims. Insurance premiums (personnel, facilities, and equipments ).

62. TRANSPORT COSTS: Estimates of the costs per km and per hour to move the waste after collection from the end of collection route to the various facility locations in the study. Unit transport cost (RM/km) for various types of vehicles : Collection vehicle Transfer vehicles Residue and/or ash vehicles Labor costs (driver + crew in RM/ hr unit cost) only for ( i ) and (iii). For (ii) - labor costs should be included as part of the annual labor cost of the transfer station.

63. Factors to consider in selection of vehicle Waste quantities Truck body or container capacity Regulations regarding truck size and weight, To maximize the amount of wastes that can be collected while remaining within legal weights for the overall vehicle. Consult with collection crew and drivers. Loading location/ Location of container - determine the type of vehicles to be used: Front-loading; Side-loading or rear-loading compactor truck. Physical characteristics of the collection routes/ road width - e.g. wide street - use side-loading automatic collection system; for narrow urban streets - use rear loaders.

64. Factors to consider in selection of vehicle Residential, commercial or industrial: HCS for large buildings (e.g. apt., industries,etc .) Safety and comfort - to minimize danger to crews. Truck turning radius - be as short as possible. Water tightness - to prevent leakages. Speed - wide range of speed.

65. TRANSFER OF MUNICIPAL WASTE: - More common as the distance of landfill sites becomes greater - Most common in larger metropolitan areas. - Variance in types, size, and degree of sophistication - E.g. open-air stations or enclosed in a building (newer stations).

66. Criteria for Transfer Location: - Near the collection area served (to minimize collection crew time for haul to the transfer station). - Accessible to major haul routes (public acceptance and economics - lower transfer haul cost)). Adequate land area to provide isolation (to handle traffic flow). Suitable Zoning (commercial or industrial) - Served by utilities (water, sanitary sewer, storm drainage, electricity) ( Size vs. station capacity)

67. Station Concepts Pit Direct Dump Compaction Pit: Collection vehicles unloaded wastes into a large pit. Wastes are then pushed to an open-top transfer trailer by a tractor. The pit - as storage during peak periods. Compaction of bulk items made by the tractor in the pit.

68. Direct Dump: collection vehicles dump directly into open-top transfer trailer Large hoppers direct the waste into the transfer trailers. Very large transfer trailers are used (due to minimal compaction). Efficient - no intermediate handling required (direct from vehicle to transfer trailer).

69. 3. Compaction:   i ) Hopper type compaction station : waste drop by gravity into a compactor - packs the waste into the trailers.   ii) Push pit compactor station: a large hydraulically operated blade moves the waste to the stationary packer - then packs the waste into the trailers.

70.   A dvantages & Disadvantages of Design Alternatives: Option Advantages Disadvantages 1. Tipping floor,open-top trailer · Large tipping floor where collection vehicles unload Dozers organize and push waste into open-top trailers Little site work involved. Cost Can separate recyclables Not as efficient as other system. For large volume of waste 2. Pit, Open-top Trailer Coll.Veh. unload directly into a large pit · Tractor w/ dozer or l/fill-type blade organizes the wst.& pushes loads into open-top transfer trailers Reduced transfer time (coll.veh. unload while loading & transfer operations still going on) · Pit serves as a storage · Efficient system for high volumes of wst. Can sep .recyclables Requires 3-level facility (considerable amount of site work & capital investment

71. Option Advantages Disadvantages 3. Direct dump, open-top trailer Coll.veh. dump loads directly into open-top trailers via large hoppers Stationary or mobile clamshell equip. Can be used to distribute the wst. in trailer · No intermediate handling of the wst. inv. Increasing efficiency Fac. shutdown rare No complicated equip. inv. May req. separate trailer-packing machines (in case of large uncompacted wst ) Req.additional tipping flr /storage space. Coll.veh . not indep . of transfer vehicle loading ).

72. Option Advantages Disadvantages 4. Hopper-type Compaction Wst. is gravity-fed via hopper into stationary compactors that compacts the wst before or while entering the trailer · Efficient for small capacity demand If compactor fails, no alternative method of loading · Trucks may line up waiting to unload because of limited hopper size.

73. Option Advantages Disadvantages Push-pit Compaction Coll.veh. dump loads into large steel or concrete pits. Large hydraulic blade moves the wst. to compactor charging box. Compactor packs the wst. Into trailer. Large compactor can usually handle all types of wst. + large bulky wst. Pit acts storage area during peak arrival. Large capital investment. Facil . operations dep. on operation of the compactor .

74. Option Advantages Disadvantages Stationary Compactor, roll-off container Low-vol. operations (e.g. rural drop-off centers). Refuse unloaded directly into container. Container may be equipped with compactor to handle lighter materials. Bulky and large materials - create problem w. small compactor. Operation dep. on functioning compactor

75. Option Advantages Disadvantages 7. Track and top-load. Tracked compactor followed by loading in open-top trailers. Efficient for larger facilities (> 300 t/d)

76. PROCESS OPTIONS AT TRANSFER STATIONS: - To prepare waste for transfer haul and subsequent disposal 1. Baling: - practiced in the US since 1960’s - reduces haul cost - a more controlled operation at the landfill - require lower cover material - density 1500-2000 lb /yd3 - may have wire ties or may not be tied. - Requires little or no separation of wastes.

77. 2. Shredding: - Shredders are used. - Handles bulky wastes (furniture, tree limbs, etc.) - Transport - use enclosed transfer trailers. - Wastes have good compaction characteristics - requires small trailers.