Solid Waste and its Management ppt

Presentation on Solid Waste and its Management

1. ASSALAM-O-ALAIKUM

2. GROUP MEMBERS FAISAL HAYAT ( 2011-GE-56 )

3. SOLID WASTE AND ITS MANAGEMENT

4. WASTE It is defined as: Waste is any unwanted or useless materials. Waste is also known as rubbish , trash , refuse , garbage or junk

5. Solid Waste Liquid Waste Gaseous Wastes Biodegradable waste Biomedical waste TYPES OF WASTE

6. Chemical waste Commercial waste Construction waste Consumable waste Composite

7. It is defined as: “Non-liquid, non-soluble materials ranging from municipal garbage to industrial wastes that contain complex and sometimes hazardous substances” SOLID WASTE

8. Broadly there are 3 types of waste which are as follows: Household waste is generally classified as Municipal waste Industrial waste as Hazardous waste Biomedical waste or Hospital waste as Infectious waste TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

9. Municipal solid waste consists of: Household waste Construction and demolition debris Sanitation residue Waste from streets MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

10. Household wastes that can be categorized as hazardous waste include: Old batteries S hoe polish paint tins M edicine bottles Clothes etc .

11. The type of waste we generate and the approximate time it takes to degenerate Type of litter Approximate time it takes to degenerate the litter Organic waste such as vegetable and fruit peels, leftover foodstuff, etc A week or two. Paper 10–30 days Cotton cloth 2–5 months Wood 10–15 years Woolen items 1 year Tin, aluminum, and other metal items such as cans 100–500 years Plastic bags one million years Glass bottles undetermined

12. Industrial is considered hazardous as they may contain toxic substances. Hazardous wastes could be highly toxic to humans, animals, and plants. They are: Corrosive Highly inflammable, or explosive React when exposed to certain things e.g. gases HAZARDOUS OR INDUSTRIAL WASTE

13. In the industrial sector, the major generators of hazardous waste are the metal, chemical, paper, pesticide, dye, refining, and rubber goods industries.

14. Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals It may include wastes like Sharps Soiled waste Disposables Discarded medicines Chemical wastes HOSPITAL WASTE OR BIOCHEMICAL WASTE

15. This waste is highly infectious and can be a serious threat to human health if not managed in a scientific and discriminate manner It has been roughly estimated that of the 4 kg of waste generated in a hospital at least 1 kg would be infected

16. The main sources for solid wastes are domestic, commercial, industrial, municipal, and agricultural wastes. The composition of a city waste is as follows: Paper, wood, cardboard 53 % Garbage 22 % Ceramics, glass, crockery 10 % Metals 8 % Rubber, plastics, discarded textiles 7 %   SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE

17. CAUSES OF SOLID WASTE The increase in the quantity of solid waste is due to: Overpopulation, Affluence (material comfort) Technological advancement

18. The number and growth of population and households is the foremost factor affecting the solid waste at various stages. The selected cities are growing at a rate ranging between 3.67% to 7.42%, which is much higher than the overall growth rate of Pakistan, i.e. 2.8% (EPMC, 1996 ). Major cities of them are estimated to double their population in next ten years POPULATION

19. City Populations millions (2004) Waste generated Tons/day Karachi 10818 6632 Faisalabad 2307 902 Hyderabad 1343 756 Gujranwala 1312 615 Quetta 1153 564 Peshawar 0.654 247 SOLID WASTE GENERATION ON THE BASIS OF POPULATION

20. A) HEALTH HAZARD B) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE

21. If solid wastes are not collected and allowed to accumulate, they may create unsanitary conditions. Many diseases like cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, plague, gastro-intestinal diseases may spread and cause loss of human lives. In addition, improper handling of the solid wastes is a health hazard for the workers who come in direct contact with the waste A) HEALTH HAZARD

22. B ) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT If the solid wastes are not treated properly, decomposition and decay may take place. The organic solid waste during decomposition may generate obnoxious (intolerable) odors. G round water pollution A ir pollution and global warming

23. Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of waste materials The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

24. 4 R’s CONCEPT Four R’s (Refuse, Reuse, Recycle and Reduce) to be followed for waste management. WASTE MANAGEMENT

25. Instead of buying new containers from the market, use the ones that are in the house. Refuse to buy new items though you may think they are prettier than the ones you already have. REFUSE

26. Do not throw away the soft drink cans or the bottles; cover them with homemade paper or paint on them and use them as pencil stands or small vases. REUSE

27. Use shopping bags made of cloth or jute, which can be used over and over again. RECYCLE

28. Reduce the generation of unnecessary waste, e.g. carry your own shopping bag when you go to the market and put all your purchases directly into it. REDUCE

29. The main purpose of solid waste management is to minimize the adverse effects on the environment. The steps involved are: Collection of solid wastes Disposal of solid wastes Utilization of wastes CONTROL MEASURES

30. Collection of waste includes gathering the waste, transporting it to a centralized location, and then moving it to the site of disposal. The collected waste is then separated into: Hazardous Non-hazardous materials. COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTES

31. Before the final disposal of the solid wastes, it is processed to recover the usable resources and to improve the efficiency of the solid waste disposal system. The main processing technologies are: C ompaction Combustion Manual separation DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTES

32. Disposing of waste in a landfill involves burying the waste, and this remains a common practice in most countries. Landfills were often established in: Abandoned or unused quarries Mining voids Borrow pits COMPACTION

33. Main three types of combustion: I ncineration Gasification Pyrolysis COMBUSTION

34. INCINERATION I s a disposal method in which solid organic wastes are subjected to combustion so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products. Energy recovery through complete oxidation Also called "thermal treatment ".

35. Partial oxidation process using air, pure oxygen, oxygen enriched air, or steam Carbon converted into syngas More flexible than incineration More public acceptance Gasification

36. Thermal degradation of carbonaceous materials Lower temperature than gasification Absence or limited oxygen PYROLYSIS

37. Waste separation  is the process by which waste is separated into different elements Separation can be classified as: Dry waste  includes wood and related products, metals and glass Wet waste typically refers to organic waste usually generated by eating MANUAL SEPARATION

38. The solid wastes can be properly utilized to gather the benefits such as: Conservation of natural resources Economic development Generate many useful products Employment opportunities Control of air pollution UTILIZATION OF WASTES

39. Recycling refers to the collection and reuse of waste materials such as empty beverage containers. The materials from which the items are made can be reprocessed into new products. Material for recycling may be collected separately from general waste using dedicated bins and collection vehicles, or sorted directly from mixed waste streams. RECYCLING OF WASTE

40. The most common consumer products recycled include: Aluminum such as beverage cans Copper such as wire Steel food and aerosol cans Polyethylene and PET bottles Glass bottles and jars Paperboard cartons Newspapers , magazines and light paper

41. RECYCLING

42. Waste materials that are organic in nature, such as plant material food scraps paper products Can be recycled using biological composting and digestion processes to decompose the organic matter BIOLOGICAL PROCESSING

43. The resulting organic material is then recycled as mulch or compost for agricultural or landscaping purposes.

44. Waste collection methods vary widely among different countries and regions. Domestic waste collection services are often provided by local government authorities, or by private companies in the industry. WASTE HANDLING AND TRANSPORT

45. Solid waste collection by government owned and operated services in Pakistan's cities currently averages only 50 percent of waste quantities generated; however, for cities to be relatively clean, at least 75 percent of these quantities should be collected. Unfortunately, none of the cities in Pakistan has a proper solid waste management system right from collection of solid waste up to its proper disposal. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN

46. The Government of Pakistan enacted the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA) in 1997 which is the most recent and updated legislation on environment. It provides a framework for establishing federal and provincial Environmental Protection Agencies (EPAs). SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICY

47. In Pakistan, solid waste is mainly collected by municipalities and waste collection efficiencies range from 0 percent in low-income rural areas to 90 percent in high‑ income areas of large cities. Collection rate of solid waste by respective municipalities ranges from 51% to 69% of the total waste generated within their jurisdiction .

48. The overall conclusion of the study on present status of solid waste management in Pakistan as follows: There is a limited focus on control mechanisms which is adversely effecting on safety, health and the environment. Regulations are inadequately enforced and SWM does not seem to be a priority. None of the cities has an integrated solid waste management system CONCLUSION

49. Collection rate 5 1-69 % of total waste generated. No disposal facilities Open burning of waste or open disposal is most common practice.

50. The involvement of people and private sector through NGOs could improve the efficiency of SWM. Public awareness should be created especially at primary school. Littering of SW should be prohibited in cities, towns and urban areas. The collection bins must have a large enough capacity to accommodate 20% more than the expected waste generation in the area. RECOMMENDATIONS

51. Report on: A nalysis and assessment report on integrated solid waste management in lahore , pakistan http://www.slideshare.net/fahadansari131/municipalsolid-waste-by-muhammad-fahad-ansari-12ieem1413324528 http://environment.gov.pk/pro_pdf/positionpaper/brief-swm-%20pak.pdf www2.fiu.edu/~srimal/pollution/solid%20waste.ppt http://epd.punjab.gov.pk/solid_waste REFRENCES