Solid waste and land pollution, Pollution Control for Engineers.pptx

A lecture on Solid waste and land pollution and ways to curb them

1. POLLUTION CONTROL (Solid waste and Land pollution)

2. Solid Waste Solid waste can also be defined as the organic and inorganic waste materials (in the solid phase) produced by households, commercial & industrial establishments that have no economic value to the owner. Any waste other than human excreta, urine & waste water, is called solid waste. Solid waste generally includes-house sweeping, kitchen waste, garden waste, cattle dung & waste from cattle sheds, agro waste, broken glass, metal, waste paper, plastic, cloths, rubber, waste from markets & shopping areas, hotels, etc. 4/3/2024 2

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4. 4/3/2024 4 Figure 1. Trend of solid waste generated between 2009 – 2013 (Source: Zoomlion , (2013)) Samuel Twumasi Amoah et al. Solid Waste Management in Urban Areas of Ghana: Issues and Experiences from Wa . Journal of Environment Pollution and Human Health, 2014, Vol. 2, No. 5, 110-117. doi:10.12691/jephh-2-5-3 © The Author(s) 2014. Published by Science and Education Publishing.

5. Solid Waste Management Solid waste: is the unwanted or useless solid materials generated from combined residential, industrial and commercial activities in a given area. Regulatory definition in CERCLA and RCRA Solid waste refers to garbage, refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility, and other discarded material, including solid, liquid, semisolid, or contained gaseous material resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations. CERCLA : stands for ‘Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act’ RCRA : The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 4/3/2024 5

6. Solid Waste Management Solid waste may be categorized: According to its origin: domestic, industrial, commercial, construction or institutional. According to its contents: organic, glass, metal, plastics, paper etc. According to hazard potential: toxic, non-toxic, flammable, radioactive, infectious etc. Management of solid waste reduces or eliminates adverse impacts on the environment and human health. Management of solid waste also supports economic development and improved quality of life. 4/3/2024 6

7. Solid Waste Management A number of processes are involved in effectively managing waste for a municipality. These include: monitoring, collection, transport, processing, recycling and disposal. 4/3/2024 7

8. Solid Waste management: The waste management hierarchy 4/3/2024 8

9. Methods of Solid Waste Disposal and Management Open burning Dumping into the sea Sanitary Landfills Incineration Compositing Ploughing Hog feeding Grinding and discharging into sewers Salvaging Fermentation and biological digestion 4/3/2024 9

10. Solid Waste Management: Thermal Treatment Incineration: The most common thermal treatment process. This is the combustion of waste in the presence of oxygen. This method may be used as a means of recovering energy to be used in heating or supply of electricity. Pyrolysis or gasification: Pyrolysis and gasification are similar processes. Both decompose organic waste by exposing it to high temperatures and low amount of oxygen. 4/3/2024 10

11. Solid Waste Management: Thermal Treatment Gasification uses a low oxygen environment while pyrolysis allows no oxygen. These techniques use heat and an oxygen starved environment to convert biomass into other forms. Gasification is advantages since it allows for the incineration of waste with energy recovery and without the air pollution that is characteristic of other incineration methods. 4/3/2024 11

12. Solid Waste management: Dumps and Landfills Sanitary landfills: This are designed to generally reduce or eliminate the risks that waste disposal may pose to the public health and environment. For example, the area may be composed of clay, soil which is fairly impermeable due to its tightly packed particles, or the area may be characterized by a low water table and an absence of surface water bodies thus preventing the threat of water contamination. 4/3/2024 12

13. Solid Waste management: Dumps and Landfills Bioreactor landfills: They use enhanced microbiological processes to accelerate the decomposition of waste. The main controlling factor is the constant addition of liquid to maintain optimum moisture for microbial digestion. This liquid is usually added by re-circulating the landfill leachate. 4/3/2024 13

14. Solid Waste management: Dumps and Landfills A typical sanitary Landfill for solid waste 4/3/2024 14 Gas Vent Liner Daily refuse Undisturbed ground Refuse compacted and covered Leachate collection system

15. Solid Waste Management: Biological Waste Treatment Composting: Composting is the controlled aerobic decomposition of organic matter by the action of microorganisms and small invertebrates. Anaerobic digestion: Anaerobic digestion like composting uses biological processes to decompose organic waste. However, where composting can use a variety of microbes and must have air, anaerobic digestion uses bacteria and an oxygen free environment to decompose the waste. 4/3/2024 15

16. Land Pollution Land pollution is the degradation of Earth's land surfaces often caused by human activities and their misuse of land resources or Land pollution may be understood as the deterioration of the earth’s land surfaces often directly or indirectly as a result of man’s activities. It occurs when there is a build-up ( in soils ) of persistent toxic compounds, chemicals, salts, radioactive materials, or disease causing agents, which have adverse effects on plant growth and animal health. 4/3/2024 16

17. Causes of Land Pollution Degenerative Actions encompass a lot of human activities, including deforestation, overuse of pesticides, insecticides, herbicides and chemical fertilizers. mining, desertification, inefficient and / or inadequate waste treatment, landfill, litter, etc. 4/3/2024 17

18. Causes of Land P ollution cont.d Inefficient Use of land amounts to wastage , and hence shortage of land; and it is precisely during such conditions that man has to resort to measure such as deforestation and others to meet his needs. Soil Pollution is when the top-most soil layer of land is destroyed or polluted. 4/3/2024 18

19. Effects of Land Pollution On Climate 4/3/2024 19

20. Effects of Land Pollution on Climate cont.d Land pollution leads to loss of the forest cover of Earth. This is in turn going to affect the vegetation. The effect of all different kinds of pollution will eventually lead to problems like acid rains, greenhouse effect, global warming. 4/3/2024 20

21. Effects of Land Pollution cont.d Extension of Species Species are pushed towards endangerment and extinction primarily by two processes. Habitat fragmentation: is the fragmentation of the natural habitat of an organism; caused primary by urban sprawl. Habitat destruction: on the other hand is when land clearing adversely affects especially animals such that their natural habitat is lost. Both actions can cause some species to go extinct and others to become invasive . 4/3/2024 21

22. Effects of Land Pollution cont.d Biomagnification (Bio-amplification) Process in which certain non-biodegradable substance (toxic pollutants such as pesticides) go on accumulating in the food-chain. The most common example is of methyl mercury in fish and mercury in eagles. Not only does biomagnification put the particular species at risk, it also puts all the species above and below it at risk, and ultimately affects the food pyramid. 4/3/2024 22

23. Bio magnification cont.d 4/3/2024 23 Source: https://afrspanishteam.com/maple-grove/what-is-an-example-of-biomagnification.php

24. Bio magnification cont.d The small fish and zooplankton eat vast quantities of phytoplankton. In doing so, any toxic chemicals accumulated by the phytoplankton are further concentrated in the bodies of the animals that eat them. This is repeated at each step in the food chain. This process of increasing concentration through the food chain is known as biomagnification. 4/3/2024 24

25. Bio magnification cont.d The top predators at the end of a long food chain, such as lake trout, large salmon and fish-eating gulls, may accumulate concentrations of a toxic chemical high enough to cause serious deformities or death even though the concentration of the chemical in the open water is extremely low. The concentration of some chemicals in the fatty tissues of top predators can be millions of times higher than the concentration in the open water. 4/3/2024 25

26. Effects of Land Pollution on Biodiversity Species extinction and biomagnification is going to overthrow the balance of nature very significantly. The main reason for this is the disturbance created in the food chain. A typical example, on account of biomagnification of mercury in eagles, they might go extinct in the subsequent years. However, we know eagles prey on snakes. Less or no eagles will then result in large number of snakes. 4/3/2024 26

27. Effects of Land Pollution cont.d Urban Effects Public health problems. Pollution of drinking water sources. Foul smell and release of gases. Waste management problems. 4/3/2024 27

28. Effects of Land Pollution cont.d Agricultural Effects Decrease soil fertility. Reduced crop yield. Larger loss of soil and nutrient. Reduced nitrogen fixation. 4/3/2024 28

29. Land Pollution Control Bioremediation. Phytoremediation. Reduction of toxic materials. Recycling waste materials. Proper waste management. 4/3/2024 29

30. Management of Polluted Land Bioremediation A treatment process that uses living organisms (eg. microorganisms; yeast, fungi or bacteria: fungi or plants) to break down or degrade hazardous substance into less toxic or non-toxic substance (CO 2 or H 2 O). 4/3/2024 30 Microorganisms consumes oil or other organic contaminants Microorganisms digests the oil or contaminant and produce CO 2 & H 2 O Microorganisms releases the CO 2 & H 2 O

31. Why Bioremediation Most approaches convert harmful pollutants into relatively harmless ones such as carbon dioxide, chloride, water, and simple organic molecules Processes are generally cleaner. Natural process. Complete destruction is possible. Less expensive. 4/3/2024 31

32. Bioremediation Techniques 4/3/2024 32

33. Bioremediation Techniques 4/3/2024 Safety & Pollution Control_ CHE 459 33 Phytoremediation Mycoremediation Bioventilation (in-situ) Bioleaching Land farming Vermiremediation Composting Bioaugmentation Rhizofiltration Biopiles (ex-situ) Biostimulation

34. In-situ-Bioremediation Biostimulation (stimulates biological activity) Bioventing (Inject air/nutrients into unsaturated zone – good for midweight petroleum, jet fuel) to induce aerobic biodegradation. The injected air provide oxygen for native microorganism to use in the biodegradation of contaminants. Biosparging (Inject air/nutrients into unsaturated and saturated zones eg. For BTEXN). Bioaugmentation (inoculates soil with microbes). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327727824_Bioremediation_An_Eco-sustainable_Approach_for_Restoration_of_Contaminated_Sites 4/3/2024 34

35. Ex-situ-Bioremediation Slurry-phase Soil combined with water/additives in tank, microorganisms, nutrients, oxygen added. Solid-phase Land-farming : soil put on pad, leachate collected. Soil biopiles : soil heaped, air added. Composting : biodegradable waste mixed with bulking agent. Biofiltration: bioreactor containing microorganisms is charged with the contaminated soil. 4/3/2024 Safety & Pollution Control_ CHE 459 35

36. Phytoremediation Refers to the use of plants to bind up land pollutants. Plants, soil and microbes in the soil work together to determine which metals and nutrients plants take up from the soil. Some plants excrete a variety of different chemicals into the soil, some of which act as signals to soil organisms. Rhizofiltration Rhizofiltration is a form of phytoremediation that involves filtering contaminated groundwater, surface water and wastewater through a mass of roots to remove toxic substances or excess nutrients. 4/3/2024 36

37. Rhizofiltration 4/3/2024 37

38. Biostimulation Biostimulation refers to the addition of rate limiting nutrients like phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen, electron donors to severely polluted sites to stimulate the existing bacteria to degrade the hazardous and toxic contaminants. https://medcraveonline.com/JMEN/bioaugmentation-and-biostimulation-a-potential-strategy-for-environmental-remediation.html 4/3/2024 38