Solid waste pollution and its impact on environment

In various developmental stages human beings produce domestic wastes. Nature readily accept these wastes into natural cycle- animal consume food residue, some incorporated into the soil etc. After industrial revolution- in urban areas population density increases, new sources of wastes generated ( shops, institutions, factories). Yesterday's newspaper is waste to a reader in today.

1. Solid waste pollution and its impact on environment Jayanta Thokdar Roll- 20547 MSc 1 st year CESCRA

2. Outline of seminar Definition of waste Types of waste Sources of solid wastes Generation of solid wastes Composition of solid wastes Impacts of solid wastes Case study Conclusion 2

3. It can be summarized as product or substance that is no longer suited for its intended use to owner; E.g.. Yesterdays newspaper is waste to a reader in today In various developmental stages human beings produce domestic wastes Nature readily accept these wastes into natural cycle- animal consume food residue, some incorporated into the soil etc After industrial revolution- in urban areas population density increases, new sources of wastes generate( shops, institutions, factories) Waste - Definition 3

4. Types of waste 4

5. Municipal solid waste: Source Source Typical waste generators Component Residential Single and multifamily dwelling Food waste, paper, card board, battery Commercial Hotel, market, office Plastic, glass metal, wood Institutional School, govt. centre Paper, card board, special waste Municipal service Street cleaning, landscaping, park, beach areas Street sweeping, general waste from park, beach and other areas 5

6. Bio-medical solid waste: Source Primary source Hospitals, nursing homes, veterinary hospitals, clinics, dispensaries, blood Other sources Households, education institutes and research centers Source of biomedical wastes (The Gazette of India, 1998) 6

7. Agro waste Hazardous and toxic waste Pesticide Insecticide Herbicide Crop waste Corn stalks Sugarcane bagasse Pruning Drops and culls from fruit and vegetables Animal waste Manure Animal carcasses Food processing waste Increased production of processed foods Maize- only 20% canned, 80% waste Agricultural solid waste: Source 7

8. Western India generate waste 440 grams/day/person East India - 500 g/day/person North India-520 g/day /person and South India 560 grams/day/person States : Manipur (220 grams/day) and Goa (620 grams/day) Union Territories : Andaman and Nicobar Islands the highest -870 grams/day/person Lakshadweep Islands -340 grams/day/person Delhi - 650 g/day/person Municipal solid waste : Generation 8

9. In India- 1-2 kg/bed/day with variation among Govt. and Private establishments. Approximately 506.74 tons/ day wastes generated Bio-medical solid waste: Generation Indian industrial sector generate 100 million tons of solid waste /year with coal ash from thermal power stations accounting more than 70 million tons/year ( www.ebtc.eu ) Industrial solid waste: Generation 9

10. Source: CPHEEO Manual on MSW, 2005 Municipal solid waste: Composition 10

11. Change in composition of MSW 11

12. WHO stated - 85% of hospital wastes are actually non-hazardous 10% are infectious and 5% are non-infectious but hazardous wastes Biomedical solid waste: Composition 12

13. Corrosive: Wastes capable of corroding metal containers like tank Ignitability: Waste can create fires under certain condition Reactive: Waste unstable and cause explosions, toxic fumes when heated Toxicity: Wastes are harmful or fatal when ingested or absorb Characteristic of hazardous or industrial solid waste 13

14. Air pollution Unmonitored landfills catch fires due to methane generation and heat and result in uncontrolled combustion of wastes, releasing harmful gases like carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and particulate matter into low level atmosphere Landfill Fires in Visakhapatnam Landfill Open burning contributes to 19% of air pollution due to CO, PM and HC in Mumbai Municipal solid waste: Impact 14

15. Leachate (strong reducing liquid) produced percolates through soil into ground water or is washed as runoff during rains Leachate contains- Pb , Cd, Cr, and Ni During percolation through soil reacts with Fe and Mn to reduce them into more soluble species, thus increasing their concentrations in groundwater Water pollution “Studies on environmental quality in around municipal solid waste dumpsite” by A.K. Biswas - Found moderately high concentrations of heavy metal in groundwater surround the dumpsite in Kolkata Oshiwara River in Mumbai - severely polluted with solid waste 15

16. Landfill of municipal solid waste is a common waste management practice and cheapest methods for organized waste management in many parts of world Unsanitary landfill- Occupies precious land resources near urban areas Degrades the quality of land and soil in the site. Presence of plastics and heavy metals in soils make it unfit for agriculture Structural instability of land make it unfit for construction activities Land degradation 16

17. Carbonaceous fractions and toxic elements like Cr, Pb, Zn, etc. dominate fine particle range, cause respiratory damage Compost from mixed waste composting plants is highly contaminated with heavy metals will result in contamination of agril. soil followed by f ood crops grown on these soils. This result into bio magnification of heavy metals into food chain Public safety Direct Exposure of Children to Emissions from Open Burning, Hyderabad The city Surat has experienced a city-wide plague epidemic in 1994 due to improper SWM 17

18. QOL-Standard of health, comfort, and happiness experienced by an individual or group QOL reflects gap between expectations of population and their present experience Streets and open lands in Indian cities are filled with untreated and rotting garbage Uncollected waste on the streets, acts as a breeding ground for street dogs, stray animals and other disease vectors During rainy season, many urban Indians come across unpleasant experience of having to walk in ankle height waters mixed with rotting MSW Quality of life 18

19. Due to anaerobic condition, landfills emit methane throughout their life and also for several years after closure In short time periods, CH 4 is much more potent than CO 2 During the first year of release, CH 4 is 71 times more potent than CO 2 Climate change 19

20. Hazardous waste Source Health effects Cadmium Fertilizer industry Carcinogenic, damage to liver and kidney Lead Battery smelters Neuro -toxic, damage in brain Mercury Chlor-alkali industry Affect central nervous system and liver Nickel Metal refining Lung and nasal cancer Vinyl chloride Plastics Carcinogenic Pesticides Insecticides Cancer , immune system disturbance Dioxins Herbicide Cancer, skin disease Industrial solid waste: Impact 20

21. Infection- Gastro enteric - Salmonella, Vibrio cholera , Helminthes , Hepatitis A Respiratory - Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; Streptococcus pneumonae Ocular infections - Herpes virus Skin infection - Streptococcus spp Genotoxicity and Cytotoxicity - Irritant to skin and eyes- Alkylating agent, intercalating agent Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Chemical Toxicity- Many drugs are hazardous May cause intoxication , burns, poisoning on exposure Physical Injuries- May result from sharps, chemicals and explosive agents Bio-medical solid waste: Impact 21

22. Health Related Issues : Agricultural pollution is main source of pollution in water and lakes. Chemicals from fertilizers and pesticides make their way into groundwater that end up in drinking water. Health related problems may occur as it contribute to blue baby syndrome which causes death in infants Effect on Aquatic Animals : Fertilizers, manure, waste and ammonia turns into nitrate that reduces amount of oxygen present in water which results in death of many aquatic animals B acteria and parasites from animal waste can get into drinking water which can pose serious health hazards for various aquatic life and animals Agricultural waste: Impact 22

23. Agro waste Use Rice husk Water glass manufacture, electricity production Banana peel and sugarcane fibers Paper milk pulp Oil palm empty fruit brunch(EFB) Mulching, organic fertilizer Oil palm stems, rubber wood Particle boards, softwood furniture Bagasse, banana fruit reject Ethanol production, animal feed Husk, straw, cow dung Biogas production, electricity generation Animal waste(dung) Compost, fertilizer Positive impact of agricultural solid waste 23

24. Mostly affected peoples 24

25. Case study…… 25

26. Major problems- Improper disposal of municipal solid waste Ever growing amount of municipal solid waste disposed indiscriminately, ultimately stands as a problem to civil society Total solid waste generated Sl. No. Source Total waste (ton/day) 1 Domestic 490.64 2 Market 4.72 3 Commercial establishment 62.97 4 Institutions 2.5 5 Hotels 11.4 6 Street sweeping and drain cleaning 48.00 7 Others 6.61 Total (ton/day) 626.84 26

27. This leads to land pollution when dumped openly, water pollution if dumped in low lying areas and air pollution if burnt Wastes dumped on road sides and drains Clogging of drains Provide food and breeding sites for insects, birds and rodents and disease vectors Animals feeding on waste provide a food chain path for transmitting diseases 27

28. Conclusion- So, there is requirement of proper disposal method 28

29. Study area- Minna S olid waste disposal method- Open dump Impact- leachate of wastes contaminate ground water Sample collection- from 4 wells water sample collected in a screw capped bottle then transferred to laboratory for analysis Samples are collected in wet and dry season Parameter analyzed- pH, temp, conductivity, TSS, TDS, turbidity, nitrate, phosphate, copper, DO 29

30. Parameter Range pH 7-8.5 TDS (mg/l) 500 Nitrate (mg/l) 0.5 Phosphate (mg/l) 0.5 Chloride (mg/l) 200 Turbidity (NTU) 5 Total h ardness (mg/l) 400 Conductivity 440 Calcium (mg/l) 500 WHO guideline 30

31. Result obtained in dry season 31

32. Result obtained in wet season Result- High level of contamination of ground water near dumpsite 32

33. Location- Mumbai city Tool used- structured questionnaire along with interviews Data Analysis by Chi - square test Inference: Unplanned disposal of bio medical wastes are likely to generate social concerns of various sorts, i.e. Threat to life Environmental pollution Genetic disorder Occupational Hazards Threat to Animal Life Observed people Percentage Aware 145 48.33% Not aware 155 51.67% Total 300 33

34. Location- Pallavaram solid waste landfill site, Chennai Solid waste disposal method- land filling Method- Soil and water collected from Joy Nagar, nearer to solid waste dumpsite and transferred to laboratory for analysis W1 , W2 and W3 are water samples and S1, S2, S3 and S4 are soil samples Impact- Pre-school children, waste workers, and workers in industries are mainly affected Disposal of medical wastes create health hazards such as Hepatitis B and C Certain chemicals e.g. cyanides, mercury, and polychlorinated biphenyls cause various diseases Highly exposure to hazardous waste cause cancer also Co-disposal of industrial hazardous waste with municipal waste expose people to chemical and radioactive hazards 34

35. Parameter W1 W2 W3 pH 6.59 5.24 6.56 Total alkalinity (mg/l) 260 40 236 Total Hardness (mg/l) 515 450 669 Ca (mg/l) 144 107 169 Mg (mg/l) 37.6 22.5 60.1 SO 4 (mg/l) 351 487 441 Na (mg/l) 449.8 482.2 451.5 Cu (mg/l) 0.478 0.388 0.221 Parameter S1 S2 S3 S4 pH 6.40 6.30 6.80 7.0 Hg (mg/kg) 0.20 0.055 0.11 0.029 Ni (mg/kg) 9.52 5.41 6.25 4.68 Cu (mg/kg) 36.55 29.53 43.08 25.28 Cd (mg/kg) 0.40 0.17 0.27 0.27 Cr (mg/kg) 44.28 8.41 7.58 6.50 Water sample Soil sample Analysis Pallavaram landfill site 35

36. Parameter Observed value Desirable value Cu (mg/l) 0.021-0.478 0.05 Mn (mg/l) 0.142-2.36 0.1 Ni (mg/l) 0.029-0.154 0.07 Hg (mg/l) 0.00087 0.001 Na (mg/l) 449.8-482.2 200 SO 4 (mg/l) 351-487 200 TDS (mg/l) 1622-1809 500 Ca (mg/l) 107-169 75 Mg (mg/l) 22.5-60.1 30 Total alkalinity (mg/l) 40-260 200 pH 5.24-6.59 6.5-8.5 Result and discussion Proper disposal method of waste is required to reduce its impact on soil and water quality 36

37. Conventional energy does not reach to 80000 villages in India, but biomass energy can fulfil the gap F ederal Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources announced - Biomass or organic waste to meet energy needs of about 25,000 villages unreachable by national power grid Baharbari village- Meet power need Development of micro scale industries Job opportunity Reduce migration to cities 37

38. Green Building concept recently emerged in India and have caught interest of builders, planners and environmentalists O rissa is producing a lot of industrial wastes as well has agricultural wastes Major industrial wastes- fly ash & bottom ash from thermal power plants, chemical slag from Iron steel plants and red mud from Aluminium industries Major agricultural wastes- sugarcane baggage, rice husk, jute fibre, coconut husk, cotton stalk etc. The most polluted belt in Orissa is Talcher and Jharsuguda 38

39. Application of waste 39

40. Raw Material used by WtE plants in India, 2013 State wise amount of power generation,2013 40

41. Solid waste management 41

42. Is it a problem if we don’t acknowledge it? 42

43. Strict legislation or regulations Improve waste transportation More of technical skilled person Increase financial resources for safe disposal of waste More treatment facilities Adequate supply of waste containers Community involvement Public awareness campaign Systematic planning for waste management while planning township Conclusion 43

44. Think twice before throw... 44