Solution of 9th standard text completed.

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1. SOLUTION

2. A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substance.In such a mixture a solute is a substance dissolved in another substance known as solvent. INTRODUCTION

3. • It refers to the amount of solute dissolved in a fixeu amount of solvent. •A solution containing a small amount of solute is known as dilute solution •A solution containing large amount of solute is known as concentrated solution. Concentration Of a solution

4. TYPES OF SOLUTION 1. An unsaturated solution is a solution in which more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature.2. A saturated solution is a solution containing the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve at a given temperature.3. A supersaturated solution is a solution that contains more solute than would dissolve in a saturated solution at a given temperature.

5. MIXTURES All solutions are mixtures. •Mixtures are of two types:A )Homogeneous MixtureA mixture which has uniform composition and properties throughout. For example, air is ahomogeneous mixture of gases. A teaspoonful of table salt stirred into a glass of water also makes a homogeneous mixture.B )Heterogeneous MixtureA heterogeneous mixture is simply any mixture that is not uniform in composition - it's a non-uniform mixture of smaller constituent parts. Using various means, the parts inthe mixture can be separated from one another.Eg : Cereal in milk is anexample of a heterogeneous mixture. Soil is another example. Soil has pebbles, plant matter and sand in it.

6. TYPES OF SOLUTION TRUE SOLUTIONA true solution is a homogeneous solution in which the solute particles have diameters less than 10-7cm. i.e., the solute particles are of molecular dimensions. The particles are invisible even under powerful microscopes. For example, sodium chloride in water is a true solution.COLLOIDA colloid is a solution that has particles ranging between and 1000 nanometers in diameter, yet are still able to remain evenly distributed throughout the solution. These are also known as colloidal dispersions because the substances remain dispersed and do not settle to the bottom of the container.SUSPENSIONA suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which solute-like particles settle out of a solvent-like phase some time after their introduction.We apply the word 'suspension' when particles are big enough to eventually settle. We use the terms 'solute-like' and 'solvent- like, because we are dealing with a heterogeneous mixture. while the terms solute and solvent refer to solutions, which are homogeneous.

7. COLLOID The scattering of visible light by colloidal particles is called the Tyndall effect.

8. SOFT DRINKS •Soft drinks" is a term used for beverages that don't contain alcohol ("hard" liquor). If you really know what the contents of soft drinks are, you would not think it is "soft". It is really "hard" on your health.•Soft drinks have become so much a part of modern living, especially in major cities around the world. It particularly appeals to the younger generation who drinks soft drinks in place of water.•Soft drinks advertisements target young people who are oblivious to the harm these drinks can do to their bodies. No wonder the people love drinking soft drinks too-they give the refreshing feeling and seem to quench thirsts on a blistering hot day. Vending machines are making the "killing" easier . •A majority of soft drinks contain large amounts of refined sugar content of up to 15 teaspoons each in a 325 ml can. One can a day gives you more sugar than is necessary for your body.

9. Soft drinks disguised as "diet soda" or "tonic water" contain calorie-reduced sweeteners such as aspartame, acesulfame -K, saccharin or sucralose.Aspartame is 200 times sweeter than sugar, so very little is used to sweeten the soft drink. It does enhance the taste of the drink but it also cause numerous adverse side-effects. Common complaints include migraine, memory loss, emotional disorders, blurred vision. ringing in the ears, heart palpitations and shortness of breath.Acesulfame -K (Ace-K) is 100-200 times sweeter than sugar, with a slight bitter after-taste. Initial tests have indicated that this substance may be carcinogenic. Even though thorough tests are still incomplete, there are reasons to be careful not to ingest this compound as tests on lab animals have shown rapid increase in cancerous tumors.Saccharin is a non-nutritive sweetener which is 300 times sweeter than sugar. It has been proven to cause bladder cancer and is banned in Canada, New Zealand and several European countries. Saccharin is found to be present in Pepsi Diet, Diet Coke and Diet Sarsi. ARTIFICIAL SWEETENER

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