solving a biological problem

the correct way to solve any biiological problem

1. QALANDAR HOUSE BIOLOGY PROJECT TOPIC: BIOLOGICAL METHOD GROUP LEADER: SADAF ALI MEMBERS SHAHZAIB MEER MURTAZA FARMAN ALI ASAD ALI ZEESHAN JAVED HABIBULLAH ATIYA NAREJO

2. SOLVING A BIOLOGICAL PROBLEM

3. The scientific method in which biological problems are solved, is known as biological method. Biological method has played an important role in scientific research for almost 500 years BIOLOGICAL METHOD

4. The first step in biological method is to know that what is the problem. Recognition of biological problem is the basic step. 1.RECOGNITION OF BIOLOGICAL PROBLEM

5. IT IS MADE BY OUR FIVE SENSES (VISION, HEARING, SMELL, TASTE AND TOUCH). OBSERVATIONS The process of gathering information about events or processes in a careful orderly way.

6. OBSERVATIONS The information gathered from observations is called data. There are two main categories of data: Quantitative and Qualitative. Quantitative data are expressed as numbers, obtained by counting or measuring. Ex. “the boiling point of water is 100 C Qualitative data are descriptive and involve characteristics that can’t usually be counted. Ex. “The boiling point of water is hot.

7. It should be a general statement It should be a tentative idea It should be kept as simple as possible. FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS A suggested solution to the problem. Must be testable Sometimes written as If…Then… statements A hypothesis is a proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations.

8. In the next step, biologists draw deductions from hypothesis. Deductions are the logical consequences of hypothesis. For this purpose a hypothesis is taken as true and expected results. Generally if a hypothesis is true then one should expect deductions DEDUCTIONS

9. The most basic step of biological method is experimentation. Biologist perform experiment to see either the hypothesis is correct or not. Through experiment scientists come to know that which hypothesis is correct. The correct hypothesis is accepted and other are rejected EXPERIMENT

10. SUMMARIZATION OF RESULTS In the next step, Biologist gets quantitative data from experiments. Scientists then have to summarize the data they got, then they make the results

11. In the next step, the summarized results are reported to the international laboratories. Publishing of results is an essential part of scientific method REPORTING THE RESULTS

12. In the next step, when the reporting results are taken right it become theory. The hypothesis that stand the test of time (often tested never rejected), are called theories . If a theory continues to be supported by experimental evidence, it becomes a law or principle THEORY AND LAW

13. Taking an example of rabies disease. TAKING AN EXAMPLE

14. Rabies is a viral disease caused by rabdo virus . Often spread by the bite of dog or monkey. The saliva of dog contains the virus which enters in RBC’S when a dog bite a human. RABIES The rabies virus infects the central nervous system, ultimately causing disease in the brain and death

15. First of all, scientists think the rabies disease, its cause, its symptoms etc. Then they ask a question that what is the cause of rabies, what are its symptoms. RECOGNITON O F BIOLOGICAL PROBLEM

16. Then the observations are made: The rabies is caused by virus The rabies is caused by the bite of dog The vaccinations are effective for treating rabies. Rabdo virus is seen in the blood of rabies patients OBSERVATIONS

17. From the observations scientists make the hypothesis: The hypothesis in this case is: “RABDO VIRUS IS CAUSE OF RABIES” HYPOTHESIS

18. Scientists does not know that whether the hypothesis is correct or not, but they accepts it may be true and make deductions. One of the deduction from the above hypothesis is: “if rabdo virus is cause of rabies then all person ill with rabies should have rabdo virus in their blood” deductions

19. The next step is to test the deduction through experiments which were designed as; Blood of 100 rabies patient will be examined under microscope. For the purpose of having control group, the blood of 100 healthy persons will also be examined under microscope. experimentation

20. The results of experiments showed that almost all rabies patient has rabdo virus in their blood, while all the healthy persons have not rabdo virus in their blood. The results proved that the hypothesis “rabdo virus is cause of rabies” is true. Then the scientists will summarize the results. SUMMARIZING OF RESULTS

21. After summarizing the results of rabies the scientist will report the results to the international laboratories. REPORTING THE RESULTS

22. The last step, when the hypothesis, “ rabdo virus is cause of rabies ” is tested many times and never rejected it will be a theory. And after a time theory will be changed into law or principle . LAW AND THEORY Actually prepared by: XHAHZAIB