Sources & evolution of homoeopathic materia medica

Homoeopathic Materia Medica :
The Record book of the effects of drugs on human beings
Earlier materia medicas have details regarding the materials and methods which may be used to prepare homeopathic medicines. There are different sources of materia medica such as plants, animal proving, clinical proving, toxicological findings, emperical methodas etc.

1. SOURCES & EVOLUTION OF MATERIA MEDICA DR SAROJ SAWANT ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR HMM DEPARTMENT LATE MRS HOUSABAI HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICAL COLLEGE & HOSPITAL,NIMSHIRGAON,KOLHAPUR(MS)

2. SOURCE : The point of origin or The thing from which something originates EVOLUTION: The Process of gradual development or Growth or process of evolving Dr Saroj Sawant

3. Materia Medica is a Latin medical term for the body of collected knowledge about the therapeutic properties of any substance(drug) used for healing with their sources, preparations, doses and use . Dr Saroj Sawant

4. Materia Medica (a Latin medical term) Literally means: Medical matters or Materials of Medicine / Drug or Therapeutic Properties of Drug Dr Saroj Sawant

5. MATERIA MEDICA All systems of medicine based on drug therapies have their own Materia Medica. Each of the systems has its own varied principles and laws with regard to mode of preparation, administration(dose) and application. Dr Saroj Sawant

6. TITLES OF THE SUBJECT ‘MATERIA MEDICA’ IN DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE The prevailing systems of drug therapies and their ‘Materia Medica’ viz Allopathy : Pharmacology. Ayurveda : Dravya Guna . Siddha : Guna Padam . Homoeopathy: Materia Medica. Dr Saroj Sawant

7. PRINCIPLES BASING THE FORMATION OF ‘MATERIA MEDICA’ IN DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE Pharmacology - based on Physico Chemical Properties of the drug substances. Dravya Guna – based on Thridosha Sidhanda ( Vatha , Pitha & Kapha ). Guna Padam - based on Mucheer Amaippu ( Vatham , Pitham , Silatumam ). Materia Medica – based on dynamic properties of drugs applied on Law of Similars . Dr Saroj Sawant

8. INTRODUCTION TO HOMOEOPATHIC MATERIA MEDICA “MASS OF SYMPTOMS” NO CONNECTIONS. “MEMORISING” “NO UNDERSTANDING” “NO KNOWLEDGE” Dr Saroj Sawant

9. HOMOEOPATHIC MATERIA MEDICA Homoeopathic Materia Medica : The Record book of the effects of drugs on human beings Homoeopathic Materia Medica is based on the principles of “Drug Proving” {105-145} Albrecht von Halter (1708-77) suggested that medicines should be proved on human beings Dr Saroj Sawant

10. According to Samuel Hahnemann in his  Organon of Medicine § 143, Homeopathic Materia Medica  is "a collection of real, pure, reliable modes of action of simple medicinal substances, a volume of book of nature." Dr Saroj Sawant

11. Homeopathic Materia Medica  are encyclopedia of purported therapeutic properties of each homeopathic preparation, which are ascribe through proving Dr Saroj Sawant

12. They thus act as a homeopathic prescribing reference guide and source for compiling Homeopathic repertory Earlier materia medicas have details regarding the materials and methods which may be used to prepare homeopathic medicines. Dr Saroj Sawant

13. DRUG- Drugs are living, vibrating personalities each full of specific energy and capable of influencing life in all the three planes viz. Physical, Mental & Spiritual. Each drug performs a specific type of work of a specific degree . DEFINITIONS MEDICINE- When a drug is applied for healing purpose, then it is called as medicine . REMEDY- When a medicine is prescribed for a disease condition on a principle, and found to cure, then the medicine becomes a remedy of that particular disease/illness .

14. Dr Saroj Sawant

15. Source & Evolution of Materia Medica of a Drug in Homoeopathy Dynamic properties of a drug are elicited through -- Proving mainly on Healthy Human Beings. Experimentation on Animals and Plants. Observations of cases of Poisoning(accidental, homicidal, suicidal and over dosing). Symptoms (cautiously admitted) observed in the sick after the administration of drug through Clinical proving, Clinical verification and confirmation of cured symptoms. The knowledge with regard to Habitat Empirical & Traditional uses, Medical & Non- medical uses, Doctrine of signature Physico -chemical & Toxical properties of the drug substance will also contribute many valuable factors for proving, symptomatology and drug relationship . Dr Saroj Sawant

16. Healthy proving :-   Most rational  and majority source of acquiring knowledge about the drug effects. Albert Von Haller was the first person who practiced drug proving on healthy human being. Then Hahnemann came the drug proving in reality . Dr Saroj Sawant

17. Plant experimentation  :- It can study botanical changes including its morphology and histology. Also  get pathological changes on human body produced by drugs. Eg – Thuja Dr Saroj Sawant

18. Animal experimentation :- Observations of chemical and physiological reaction about drugs became known to us by drug experimentation on mice, guinea pigs, monkeys and other animals . Dr Saroj Sawant

19. Rituals and Worships  : Use of drugs in ritual of their sacrifice  or use in worship was followed after the study of their other virtues. Most of these plants have proved their usefulness as medicinal substances.  Eg :- Attention to Leptandra virginica ( St.Veronoca flower ) was drawnbecause of  its distant resemblance to Christ’s face. Dr Saroj Sawant

20. Doctrine of signature :- Idea given by Phillippus Aurelius Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheimim , better known as Paracelsus. Relation between the external physical properties of the drug substance and the signs and symptoms present in the patient. Eg :- Red  juice of Hamamelis is indicative of its applicability in blood disease. Cyclamen is used for ear diseases because its leaf resembles the human ear . Dr Saroj Sawant

21. Empirical  – The primitive source of knowledge of the disease-giving powers of drug was empirical, hearsay or animal instinct. It is traditional source. This can be observed from the general therapeutic study of the medicine. In olden days, the medicinal values of many medicines were known. Guess work or fiction Dr Saroj Sawant

22. Chemistry :-   Deals with constitution of substances, elements and their mutual reactions and the phenomena  resulting from the formation and decomposition of compounds. Knowledge of chemistry. i.e. physical and chemical properties and rules of Chemistry has been applied in the treatment of human diseases. Eg - Acids have a corrosive, violent action on any tissue and leads to burning, inflammation, ulceration, excoriation with fetidness and putrefaction. Dr Saroj Sawant

23. Biochemistry :-  Gives information about the biochemical action of substances the knowledge derived from biochemical study about the curative power of a drug deals with the sphere of action of drugs on systems or organs Dr Saroj Sawant

24. Poisonings:-   It includes suicidal, accidental and homicidal case information. Under suicidal comes toxicology, which deals with poisons, narcotics or any other substance. The information or symptoms collected from the case of poisoning has been of immense help. The poisoning effect of a substance are enough evidence of  its curative properties. Dr Saroj Sawant

25. Clinical experience :- In practice after prescribing of the medicine to the patient, curative action is discovered accidentally. Thus this source is also called as accidental source. New symptoms produced by the medicine which have not been produced by the medicine while its proving. These are clinical symptoms and they also help in building the Materia Medica These are the drug effect which were obtained  proving of a drug on sick human being Dr Saroj Sawant

26. EVOLUTION OF HOMOEOPATHIC MATERIA MEDICA Dr Saroj Sawant

27. Dr Saroj Sawant

28. The discovery of Homeopathy dates back to the year 1790 and its credit goes to Dr. Samuel Hahnemann, a German physician and scholar. Cullen, a professor of medicine at London University had written 20 pages of materia medica describing the medicinal effects of a certain Peruvian bark (cinchona) in his paper. Dr Saroj Sawant

29. Dr. Hahnemann was translating Cullen’s materia medica from English to German. He came across a statement that cinchona cures intermittent fever because of its bitter and astringent properties and was dissatisfied with this explanation because there are many bitter substances which do not produce intermittent fever like cinchona. As a young doctor, he was curious to know the action of cinchona. So, Dr. Hahnemann decided to take cinchona in the form of medicine everyday and consumed four drams of cinchona twice a day. To his astonishment, he experienced the same medicinal effects of cinchona as described by Cullen. Thus, a medicinal substance was being taken, or drug proving on humans was done – for the first time in medicine . Dr Saroj Sawant

30. From 1790 to 1796, for six long years, Dr. Hahnemann repeated such experiments on himself, healthy individuals and fellow doctors. In every experiment, he found the same result and that, ‘medicines cure diseases because they produce similar diseases in healthy individuals’ or ‘like cures like’. So in 1796, Dr. Samuel Hahnemann put forward these findings in a popular journal during that time, ‘An Essay on New Principle for ascertaining the Curative Powers of Drugs and Some Examinations of Previous Principles’.   He published this newly found doctrine of cure i.e. Similia Similibus Curentur or ‘like cures like’ . These findings were published in Hufeland’s Journal vol. II, parts 3 and 4.  Dr Saroj Sawant

31.  Dr. Hahnemann wasn’t the first to state the law of similars or like cures like. In fact, the founder of modern medicine, Hippocrates was the first person to mention this law. But Dr. Hahnemann was the first to apply this law to therapeutics & medicine and develop a new science of medical treatment – ‘Homoeopathy’, as we know today. Thus, cinchona bark was to Dr. Hahnemann just as the pendulum was to Galileo and the falling apple was to Sir Isaac Newton . Dr Saroj Sawant

32. Interestingly, Dr. Hahnemann also coined the term ‘ allopathy ’, a very popular system of treatment, which means ‘treatment by opposites’.  Dr Saroj Sawant

33. Dr Saroj Sawant

34. STRENGTH OF HOMOEOPATHY From the one medicine proved by Hahnemann in 1790 , the No. of drugs added to the treasure of Homoeopathy has reached now almost about 4500. But the Govt : of India has acknowledged only 2300 drugs in its list of Pharmacopoeia. Hahnemann published the 1 st book in Materia Medica containing only 27 drugs with limited symptoms in 1805. It is understood that there after, thousands of books in various languages viz, Latin, German, English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese and Indian languages have already come out in print Homoeopathy has sent its roots deep into the soil of about 90 countries all over the world. In true appreciation of this fact , the WHO has recognize Homoeopathy as 2 nd largest system of medicine in the world. Viewed in this respect it has to be said to the credit of Homoeopathy that it can be poised as a significant system of medicine capable of vying with other systems of medicine Dr Saroj Sawant

35. Sources & Evolution of Homoeopathic Materia Medica- A Flash-back… It is rather enthusing to enlist the emergence of Homoeopathic Materia Medica through a flash-back Dr Saroj Sawant

36. Dr Saroj Sawant

37. 1805 - CFS Hahnemann – F. D. V. M. P. - 27 drugs Source Books of Homoeopathic Materia Medica 1811 – 1821 CFSH- Materia Medica Pura 1 st Edn. – 64 drugs 1822 – 1827 CFSH- Materia Medica Pura 2 nd Edn.- 67drugs 1830 – 1833 CFSH - Materia Medica Pura 3 rd Edn. - 67 drugs 1828 – 1830 CFSH- Chronic Diseases 1 st Edn. – 22 drugs 1835 – 1839 - CFSH - Chronic Diseases 2 st Edn. – 48 drugs 1867 R. Hughes - Manual of Pharmacodynamics - 301 drugs 1874 - 1879 T. F. Allen– Encyclopedia of Pure Materia Medica (10 vol.) - 716 drugs 1891 C. Hering - The Guiding Symptoms of Our Materia Medica - 410 drugs 1886 R. Hughes - A Cyclopedia of Drug Pathogenesy (4 vol.) - 275 drugs 1884 - C. Hering - CONDENSED MATERIA MEDICA - 410 drugs Dr Saroj Sawant

38. STALWARTS WHO FOUNDED HOMOEOPATHIC MATERIA MEDICA Dr Saroj Sawant

39. C.F.S.HAHNEMANN BOENNINGNHAUSSEN C. HERING R. HUGHUES T .F. ALLEN Dr Saroj Sawant

40. STALWARTS WHO DEVELOPED HOMOEOPATHIC MATERIA MEDICA J.T. KENT W. BOERICKE H.C .ALLEN C.M. BOGER BORLAND.D C.DUNHAM J.H.CLARK R.E. DUDGEON Dr Saroj Sawant

41. STALWARTS WHO DEVELOPED HOMOEOPATHIC MATERIA MEDICA C.J.HEMPEL COWPERTHWEITE E.B NASH E.A.FARRINGTON E.M.HALE C.G.C.HARTLAUB LIPPE J.E.STAFF Dr Saroj Sawant

42. STALWARTS WHO DEVELOPED HOMOEOPATHIC MATERIA MEDICA N.M.CHOUDARY JULIAN. O. A RAUE. C. G TAFEL MOHR C G QUIN FREDERIK H Dr Saroj Sawant

43. Stalwarts’ ordeals FOR THE CAUSE OF HOMOEOPATHY It is thus clear that what an ordeal the stalwarts had to undergo in evolving Materia Medica to the present level which exemplifies their most dedicated life for the cause of Homoeopathy. 2012 Dr Saroj Sawant

44. A SELF – INTROSPECTION We tread upon these precious contributions made by the renounced stalwarts to reap the benefits from them. Have we done anything of our own to make us worthy of their success? THE ANSWER IS DEFENITELY NO. Dr Saroj Sawant

45. Source Books of Homoeopathic Materia Medica Dr Saroj Sawant

46. 1.   HAHNEMANNN’S FRAGMANTA  DE  VIRIBUS  MEDICAMENTORUM  POSITIVIS . It was written in Latin. Published at Leipsic in 1805 Contains the pathogenesis of 27 drugs.  The 27 drugs proved were as follows [ Haehl , vol 2, p.82]:  [followed by  number of symptoms obtained by Hahnemann and those by   others] Dr Saroj Sawant

47. 2.   REINE ARZNEIMITTELLEHRE 1 st  edition in 6 volumes. There are six volumes. 1 volume – 1811 , contain pathogenesis of  12 medicines. Six of which are new, the pathogenesis of all of those which had already appeared being considerably increased. 2 volume – 1816  , contain pathogenesis of  8 medicines together with those ascribed to the magnet. 3 volume –1817, with 8 medicines. 4 volume –1818,with 12 medicines. 5 volume –1819, with 11 medicines. 6 volume –1821, with 10 medicines. Dr Saroj Sawant

48. 3.  SECOND AUGMENTED EDITION OF REINE ARZNEIMITTELLEHRE 6–Volumes like the first edition. Volume 1 – 1822. Volume 2 – 1824. Volume 3 & 4 – 1825. Volume 5 – 1826. Volume 6 – 1827. Each contain the same list of medicines as before, save that in the sixth, Ambra , carbo animalis , carboveg were introduced for the first time. Total 66 medicines  (  of which 3 new  ). Dr Saroj Sawant

49. 4-   CITATIONS  FROM  AUTHORS Occupy so large a space in many of the pathogenesis and are entirely absent from but very few. There are 13 medicines which are omitted from the list as having no citations from authors attached to them. Medicines with citations are  observation of poisoning and of over dosing. In poisoning,  subject is a healthy one.  Over dosing, done in sick with disease of limited character and with fair general health. Dr Saroj Sawant

50. 5. THIRD EDITION OF REINE ARZNEIMITTELLEHRE 2 Volumes –  1830  and 1833  respectively. The 2 volumes contain the same medicines as before save that causticum is omitted from the second having been transferred to the chronic diseases. The chief change which has taken place has been the amalgamation of all the symptom of Hahnemann’s own observations with those of others into one continues schema. Pathogenesis increased in most instances. New symptom – 30 to 40 number. Hahnemann’s own i.e. n observation upon the sick.         Dr Saroj Sawant

51. 6. HAHNEMANN’S DIE CHRONISCHEN KRANKHEITEN  (CHRONIC DISEASE) 1 st  edition  – 4 Volumes . 1,2,3 Volumes – 1828. 4 Volumes – 1830. 1 st Volume – Theory of Chronic Disease. 2nd,3rd & 4th Volumes – Pathogenesis of medicines, new to Materia Medica Pura or to any Materia Medica have 17 new remedies + 2 old remedies. Total of 22 remedies. 2nd & 3rd Volumes – 15 remedies. 4th Volume – 7 remedies Hahnemann’s 2nd Edition of Die Chronischen Krankheiten 5 Volumes. 1st & 2nd Volumes – 1835. 3rd Volume – 1837. 4th Volume – 1838. 5th Volume – 1839. 22 medicines of 1st Edition + 25 remedies ( 13 new + 12 old in M.M.P.) Total of 47 remedies. Dr Saroj Sawant

52. OTHER CONTRIBUTIONS Dr Saroj Sawant

53. 1. Dr. Johann Christian Gottfried Jorg He was a Professor in Lepzeic University. Jorg + 21 pupils + 2 sons + 3 females formed the provers (aged 45,18,12 respectively). 1st Volume with 13 remedies was published in 1825. Medicines were given in moderate doses and taken repeatedly until impression was made. Symptoms were related in full just as they were made. In preface age, temperament,constitution of prover and a statement that he is in good health. He gives details of prover , dose taken, order and connection in which the symptoms appear. Digitalis, Iodum and Nitrum of Jorg were transferred to the 2nd Edition of Chronic Disease. Jorg’s work is preserved in the library of College of Surgeons. Also printed in the 4th Volume of Frank’s “ Magazin ”. Dr Saroj Sawant

54. 2. Drs.Hartlaub and Trinks . 2 distinguished members of the  Hahnemannian school. They also named their collection as Reine Arzneimttelhere a seqel to Hahnemann’s work. Published in Leipsic in 3 Volumes – 1828,1829 & 1831. Contain symptoms of proving and poisonings. Arranged in schematic order. No information of the circumstance of experiment. 1st Volume – Plumbum , Cantharis, Laurocerasus , Phosphorus,Antimonium crudum + 18 other drugs. 2nd Volume – Gratiola , Oleum an., Alum., Phelland .+ 14 other drugs. 3rd Volume – Bovista , kali.i ., Rat., Stront ., Tab.+ > 30 drugs. Used by 3rd Edition of M.M.P. and 2nd Edition of C.D. Dr Saroj Sawant

55. 3. Dr.Ernst Stapf One of Hahnemann’s oldest and most valued disciples began in 1822 to publish a journal devoted to the interest of the new method. He called it ‘ Archiv ’ Fiir die homoopathische Heilkunst or generally known as the Archiv . Hahnemann also took part in proving. Included in 2nd Edition of C.D. 12 medicines added to M.M.P. of 1836. Proved in single moderate and substantial doses. Presented in usual form but with reference to experiments of provers . Introduction of medicine contain information about former use and homoeopathic experience gained by it. Translated to English by Hempel . Valuable work according to Hughes. Dr Saroj Sawant

56. 4.Austrian Provings Begun in 1842. Hahnemann had given his proving to the world,  i.e , a schema of detached symptom without information as to how or in what order and sequence they were obtained. The monographs containing these most valuable provings - chiefly published in a journal conducted by the Austrian society .  Most of them were translated to English. Homoeopaths in Vienna decided to reprove as they were not satisfied by the presentation of Hahnemann Primary provings of Argentum.nit., Coccus . cacti & Kali. bich .. Society had 8 members. Each was entrusted with a proving of 20 -30 provers . They undertook and supervised experiments and published them with full details upto that time. The aim was to study the physiological action of drugs. These were published in the Journal of Austrian Society for 4years. Hughes considered it as the chief material for the construction of future Materia Medica . They conducted reproving also in 1848.. Dr Saroj Sawant

57. 5. Contributions from America   Dr.Constantine Hering   (originally he is a German) Provings include Lachesis , Glonoine, Apis , Merc.bin iod ., Natrum sulph ., Osmium, Benzoic acid, Flouric acid, Oxalic acid, Ksalmia , Podophyllum , Eupatorium, Aloes, Allium cepa , Millefolium , Sanguinaria (16 new remedies ) + Cuprum, Spongia , Stramonium , Physostigma , Sepia (5 old remedies ). His provings published in 10 Volumes of “Guiding Symptoms of our Materia Medica ”  form his contribution. -1st Volume – Hering , 1879. -2nd Volume – Hering , 1880. -3rd – 10th Volumes – C . G. Raue , C. B. Knerr , & C . Mohr ,1881 -1891. -48 Chapters. -408 remedies. -4 Grades . Hering was the first person to introduce evaluation in the Materia Medica . -Symptoms that appeared in provers and it were verified at the bed side a number of times. -He mentions this book as “the TEXT” in his Lectures . Other contributions – Neidhard , Jeans, Williamson 9 (earlier period ), Dunham , Allen, Conrad Wesseihoeft . Dr Saroj Sawant

58. 6. Contributions from France Quinine by Dr . Alphonse Noack . Main compilers of Materia Medica in France were Dr . Roth and Dr . Jahr . Some indigenous proving have been done by Petroz , Ozanam , Teste , Imbert , Gourbayre – published in French Homoeopathic Journals. Dr Saroj Sawant

59. 7. Contribution of others in Germany Buchmann’s Chelidonium . Reproving of Cuprum by Central Verein Contribution of Old School in Germany – Jorg – He proved Kali chlor .. Ferrum proved by followers of Rademacher was published in British Journal of Homoeopathy. Prof. Schroff proved on animals and human beings. His contribution is Aconite Dr Saroj Sawant

60. 8.Contributions from England Kali bich . by Drysdale . Naja by Russel . Cedron by Casanova. Cotyledon umbilicus by Craig. Uranium nitricum by Edward Blake. Dr Saroj Sawant

61. 9. Contribution from Spain Tarentula by Nunez. Dr Saroj Sawant

62. 10 .   Contribution from Italy Cactus Grand. by Rubini . Dr Saroj Sawant

63. 11 .  Contributions from Brazil Provings of plants and animals indigenous by Dr.Mure. They are of obscure origin and doubtful value. Dr Saroj Sawant

64. 12 . Contributions by E . M. Hale of Chicago. New Remedies in Homoeopathic Practice published in 1865. Contain the indigenous drugs used by common people, botanic  and eclectic practitioners. 1st Edition – 1865 – 45 remedies. 2nd Edition – 1867 – 35 + 45 remedies. 3rd Edition – 1873 – Characteristics. 4th Edition – 2 Volumes – 1st Volume – Special Symptomatology . 2nd Volume – Special Therapeutics. Dr Saroj Sawant

65. 13. Contributions by Allen T .F of Newyork . * “ Encyclopedia of Pure Materia Medica ” –  10 Volumes Contain contributions from Dr.Richard Hughes, Dr.Caroll Dunham, Dr.C.Hering and Dr. Adolph Lippe . Alphabetical arrangement of drugs. Symptoms are arranged in accordance with the anatomical plan. Sub grouping has been made in accordance with the following general principles in any part. First – General symptoms not localised definitely. Second – Localized symptoms. Appearance of a part is given first.Afterwards sensation. Symptom denoting increased activity are given first. Those denoting depression and loss of action or function follows . * Dr.Richard Hughes To study Materia Medica one has to procure Allen’s Encyclopedia. One should go through the original records of proving. One should go through the “Day books” of provers . Also go through the narratives of poisonings in Frank’s “ Magazin”in Hempel’s Materia Medica . Also go through the “ Pathogenetic Records”in British Journal of Homoeopathy. Dr Saroj Sawant

66. References :- A Manual Of Pharmacodynamics   – Hughes Richard Materia medica pura vol 1 & 2. Dr Saroj Sawant

67. THANK YOU ALL Dr Saroj Sawant