Sources of data cllection

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1. Sources of Data Collection By / Mahmoud Shaqria محمود محمد شقريه

2. 1-Definition of data collection 2-Importance of data collection 3-Data collection techniques 4-primary data 5-Sources of primary data 6-Advatages of primary data 7-disadvantages of primary data 8-Secodary data 2 outlines

3. 9-Sources of secondary data 10-Advantages of secondary data 11-Disadvantages of secondary data 12-what is the indicators 13-Uses of indicators 14-characteristics of ideal indicators 15-Types of indicators 3

4. is the systematic approach to gather & measure information from a variety of sources to get a complete and accurate picture of an area of interest . Data can be numbers, images ,words , fatigue ,facts , or ideas. Data in itself cannot meaningful information . Then are various method of interpreting data. Data source are broadly classified into primary and secondary data. Data collection

5. Data is one of the most important and vital aspect of any research studies - - Researcher conducted in different fields of study can be different in methodology but every research is based on data which is analyzed and interpreted to get information Data is the basic unit in statistics studies Statistical information like census , population, variables, health statistics, and road accidents records are all developed from data Data is important in computer science Importance of data collection:

6. There are two sources of data collection techniques. Primary and secondary data collection techniques, primary data collection uses survey, experiments or direct observation. Secondary data collection may be conducted by collection information from adverse from a diverse source of documents or electronically stored information Data collection technique:

7. sources of data collection Primary Secondary

8. Primary

9. Secondary

10. - Original data that has been collected specially for the purpose in mind. - It means some one collected data from the original source first hand . - Primary data has not been changed or altered by human being therefore its validity is greater than secondary . Primary data

11. Is most commonly used in social sciences, management, marketing & psychology to some extent. survey

12. - Is most commonly used in survey. -A realist of questions either open ended or close ended for which the responded give answers. - Can be conducted via telephone, mail, public area, an institute through electronic mail or fax. Questionnaire

13. - Face to face conversation with the respondent. - It is slow, expensive & take people away from either jobs they allow in-depth questioning follow up questions. Interview

14. Can be done while letting the observing person know that he is being observed or without letting him know. Can be made in natural setting as well as artificially created environment Observations

15. Data interpretation is better. Targeted issues are address. Greater control. Efficient spending for information . Addresses specific research issues - Proprietary issues . Advantages of primary data:-

16. High cost. Inaccurate feed back. More number of resources is required Time consuming Disadvantages of primary data:

17. Sources of secondary data

18. - Data that has been collected by and readily available from other sources. - Are more quickly obtainable than primary. - May be obtained from many sources including literature, industry, complications from computerized or mathematical models of environmental processes Secondary data

19. new sources are preferred - old sources should be avoided as new technology- researches bring new facts into light. Books :- are available today on any topic that you want to research . The uses of books start before even you have selected topic , after selection of topics books provide insight on how much work has already been done on the same topic and you can prepare your literature review , books are secondary source but most authentic one in secondary sources. PUPLISHED PRINTED sources

20. Journals/ periodical:- very important the reason is that Journals provide up to date information which at times books cannot secondly. give information on the very specific topic on which you are researching rather talking about more general topics. magazines/ newspapers:- are also effective but very reliable. is more reliable& in some cases the information can only be obtained from newspapers in case of some political studies. PUPLISHED PRINTED sources

21. Published electronic sources As internet is becoming more advance , fast and reachable to the masses ;it has been seen that much information that is not available in printed from is available on internet . In the past the creditability of internet was questionable but today it is not . The reason is that in the past journals and books were seldom published on internet but today almost very journal and book are available online. Some are free and for others you have to pay the price. Published electronic sources:

22. E.journal are more commonly available than printed journals. Latest journals are difficult to retrieve without subscription but if your university has an e-library you can view any journal ,print it and those that are not available you can make an order for them. E.journal:

23. General websites do not contain very reliable information so their content should be checked for the reliability before quoting from them. General websites:

24. Weblogs are also becoming common . They are actually diaries written by different people .these diaries are as reliable to use as personal written diaries. Weblogs:

25. As internet is becoming more advance, fast, reachable. Advantages of Secondary data :- Inexpensive . Easily accessible. Immediately available. Will provide essential back ground& help to clarify or refine research problem- essential for literature review. Will provide research method alternatives. Alert the research to any potential difficulties. May answer research question . Published electronic sources

26. Isn't immediately available( takes time to define problem, sampling frame, method to analyze Incomplete information. Not specific to researches needs. Not timely . Disadvantages of Secondary data:

27. Variables which help to measure changes often they are used to measure changes cannot be measured directly What is the indicators :

28. Markers of progress Motivate people to action. Help in the identification of priorities. Stimulate action where necessary. Force policy makers and managers to rethink appropriate strategies. Monitor the progress overall socio-economic development. Monitor health programs at different levels Uses of indicators

29. Valid: Measure what they are supposed to measure. Objective: The answer should be the same if measured by different people in similar circumstances. Sensitive: Sensitive to changes in situation. Specific: Reflect changes only in the situation. Characteristics of ideal indicators

30. Health Policy indicators. Social and economic indicators. Indicators of provision of health care. Indicators of health status. Types of indicators

31. Political commitment to HFA. Resource allocation. Degree if equity distribution of health resources Community involvement attaining HFA. Organization framework and managerial process 1) Health policy indicators

32. Rate of population increase. Income distribution. Gross national product Work condition. Adult literacy rate. Housing. Food availability. 2)social and economic indicators related to health

33. Coverage by HPC. Coverage by referral system. Number of hospital / population, doctor / population rate 3)Indicators of the provision of H.C

34. Nutritional status and psychosocial development of children. Infant mortality rate. Child mortality rate. Maternal mortality rate Life expectancy at birth or other specific ages 4)Health status indicators

35. Thank you…