SOURCES OF DRUGS.power point presentation

Pharmacology presentation

1. SOURCES OF DRUGS
Dr. Imtsal Ali
Lecturer Pharmacology
State College of Nursing – Mirpur AJK

2. Drug
•A chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or
diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental
well-being.
•Any chemical substance, natural or manmade (usually excluding
nutrients, water, or oxygen), that - by its chemical nature - alters
biological structure or functioning when administered and absorbed.

3. Psychoactive Drug
•Any drug that affects feelings, perceptions, thought processes, and/or
behavior.
•All psychoactive drugs exert their effects by altering the functioning of
the nervous system.
• The study of how drugs affect behavior and psychological processes
is “psychopharmacology

4. Sources of drugs
•Plant source
•Animal source
•Microbial source
•Marine source
•Mineral source
•Synthetic source
•Semi-synthetic source
•Bio-synthetic source

5. Plant source
• A number of plants have medicinal qualities and have been used for
centuries as drugs or drug sources.
Plant part Drugs
Leaves
Digoxin, digitoxin (fromDigitalis purpurea/foxglove plant); atropine
(fromAtropa belladonna)
Flowers Vincristine, vinblastine (fromVinca rosea)
Fruits Physostigmine (fromPhysostigma venenosum)
Seeds Strychnine (fromNux vomica)

6. Roots Reserpine (fromRauwolfa serpentina)
Bark
Quinine (fromCinchona); atropine (fromAtropa
belladonna)
Stem Tubocurarine (fromChondrodendron tomentosum)

7. Animal source
•Many important drugs are derived from animal source. In most
instances, these medicinal substances are derived from the animal’s
body secretions, fluid or glands.
•Examples:
Insulin, heparin, adrenaline, thyroxin, cod liver oil, musk,
beeswax, enzymes, and antitoxins sera are some examples of
drugs obtained from animal sources.

8. Microbial source
•Several life-saving drugs have been historically derived from
microorganisms.
•Examples: Penicillin produced byPenicillium chrysogenum,
Streptomycin fromStreptomyces griseus,
Chloramphenicol fromStreptomyces venezuelae,
Bacitracin fromBacillus subtilisetc.

9. Marine source
•Bioactive compounds from marine flora and fauna have extensive past
and present use in the prevention, treatment and cure of many
diseases.
•Coral, sponges, fish, and marine microorganisms produce biologically
potent chemicals with interesting anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and
anticancer activity.

10. Mineral source
•Minerals (both metallic and non-metallic minerals) have been used as drugs since
ancient times. Our body requires trace elements of minerals in order to maintain
homeostasis. Patients lacking an adequate level of these materials may take
specific mineral-based drugs to raise the level of minerals.
•Examples include
•Ferrous sulfate in iron deficiency anemia;
• Magnesium sulfate as purgative;

11. •Magnesium trisilicate, aluminum hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate as
antacids for hyperacidity and peptic ulcer;
•Zinc oxide ointment as skin protectant, in wounds and eczema.

12. Synthetic/chemical derivative
•A synthetic drug is produced using chemical synthesis, which
rearranges chemical derivatives to form a new compound. For
example acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin or ASA), oral antidiabetics,
antihistamines, thiazide diuretics etc.
•Example: Metformin (Oral Antidiabetic)

13. Semi-synthetic Sources
•Semi-synthetic drugs are neither completely natural nor completely
synthetic. They are a hybrid and are generally made by chemically
modifying substances that are available from natural source to improve its
potency, efficacy and/or reduce side effects.
•Examples of semi-synthetic medicine include heroin from morphine,
bromoscopolamine from scopolamine, homatropine from atropine,
ampicillin from penicillin etc.

14. Biosynthetic sources
•This is relatively a new field which is being developed by mixing
discoveries from molecular biology, recombinant DNA technology,
DNA alteration, gene splicing, immunology, and immune
pharmacology.
•Examples include recombinant Hepatitis B vaccine, recombinant
insulin and others.