Sources of Drugs.pptSources of Drugs.ppt

Sources of Drugs.pptSources of Drugs.ppt

1. Sources of DrugSources of Drug
&&
Active principle of DrugActive principle of Drug

2. ObjectivesObjectives
After completing the discussion, the student will be able toAfter completing the discussion, the student will be able to

Define drug and medicineDefine drug and medicine

Describe different sources of drugDescribe different sources of drug

Identify the active principles of a drugIdentify the active principles of a drug

Select authorative sources of drug Select authorative sources of drug
information.information.

3. Do Drugs play any role in our lives ?

4. MedicinesMedicines

Part of our way of Life Part of our way of Life

Birth DeathBirth Death..

5. 
Average family experiences illness on Average family experiences illness on
one day in four.one day in four.
Between ages of 20-45 years a lower Between ages of 20-45 years a lower
middle class man experiences approx. middle class man experiences approx.

one life endangering illness one life endangering illness

20 disabling (temporarily) illnesses20 disabling (temporarily) illnesses

200 non disabling illnesses200 non disabling illnesses

1000 symptomatic episodes1000 symptomatic episodes

12 years of bad health in an average life 12 years of bad health in an average life
span. span.

6. What is Drug ?What is Drug ?
What is Medicine ?

7. Drugs/MedicinesDrugs/Medicines
WHO scientific group has defined a drug asWHO scientific group has defined a drug as
Any substance or product that is used or intended to
be used to modify or explore physiological systems
or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient.
A substance that changes the biological system by
interacting with it

8. A medicine is a substance or a A medicine is a substance or a
mixture of substances used in mixture of substances used in
restoring or preserving health.restoring or preserving health.

9. 
A drug is a single chemical substance A drug is a single chemical substance
that forms the active ingredient of a that forms the active ingredient of a
medicine.medicine.

A medicine may contain many other A medicine may contain many other
substances to deliver the drug in a substances to deliver the drug in a
stable form, acceptable and convenient stable form, acceptable and convenient
to the patient. to the patient.
Drug vs Medicine?

10. Why do we Why do we
need/ Use need/ Use
Drugs/Drugs/
Medicines?Medicines?

11. Uses of drugs/MedicinesUses of drugs/Medicines
 To cure the disease
To suppress the disease
To prevent disease
To diagnose the disease

12. PharmacologyPharmacology

13. Study of pharmacology involves the study ofStudy of pharmacology involves the study of

origin of drugs origin of drugs

Chemical and physical properties of drugsChemical and physical properties of drugs

Physiologic effects and site of action in the Physiologic effects and site of action in the
bodybody

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and
excretion.excretion.

Safe/effective dosage regimen & route of Safe/effective dosage regimen & route of
administration.administration.

Adverse reactions, toxic effects & drug-drug Adverse reactions, toxic effects & drug-drug
interactions interactions

14. Sources of DrugsSources of Drugs

Naturally occurringNaturally occurring

Modified natural drugsModified natural drugs

Mineral sourcesMineral sources

Microbial sourcesMicrobial sources

Human sources Human sources

Synthetic sources Synthetic sources

Genetic engineeringGenetic engineering

15. Active principles of drugActive principles of drug
A constituent of a A constituent of a drug, upon the, upon the
presence of which the presence of which the characteristic
therapeutic action of the of the substance
largely depends. largely depends.

16. Examples Examples
 Alkaloids Alkaloids
 GlycodiesGlycodies
 TanninsTannins
 Oleo-resinsOleo-resins
 Oils Oils
 Gums Gums

17. Natural sources of drugsNatural sources of drugs
Animals
Plants

19. Plant SourcesPlant Sources

20. Plant SourcesPlant Sources

Earliest sourceEarliest source

GalenicalsGalenicals --- ---
Galen (Greek Galen (Greek
physician)physician)

21. Active Principles Active Principles
in in
Plants Plants

22. 1. Alkaloids1. Alkaloids

organic organic nitrogenous substances

bitter

insoluble in water insoluble in water

react with acids to form saltsreact with acids to form salts

salts are soluble in body fluidssalts are soluble in body fluids

Examples are Examples are
atropine, , caffeine,, ,, morphine, , nicotine, quinine, , quinine,
reserpine, emetine, codeine, tubocurarine.reserpine, emetine, codeine, tubocurarine.

23. Morphine (opioid analgesic)
Heroin
codeine
unripe capsules papaver
somniferum (Opium Poppy).

24. 
Nicotine,Nicotine, the the
active principles active principles
of tobacco of tobacco

25. 
Caffeine (CNS Stimulant) Caffeine (CNS Stimulant) is the active is the active
principle in tea, coffee.principle in tea, coffee.

Cocaine Cocaine is the active principle of the is the active principle of the
coca leaf, which is chewed as a coca leaf, which is chewed as a
stimulant-narcoticstimulant-narcotic

26. Atropine (Anticholinergic) ----
from leaves of atropa belladona.
Ephedrine (bronchodilator) ----
from plant Ephedra Vulgaris
Quinine (Antimalarial) ----
from bark of Cinchona.
Reserpine (Antihypertensive) ----
from roots of Rauwalfia serpentia

27. 2.2. GlycosidesGlycosides
Any compound that contains a Any compound that contains a
carbohydrate molecule (sugar)carbohydrate molecule (sugar)
by hydrolytic cleavage, convertible into by hydrolytic cleavage, convertible into
sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone) sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone)
 glucoside (glucose), glucoside (glucose),
 pentosidepentoside (pentose), (pentose),
 fructoside (fructose) etc fructoside (fructose) etc

28. EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE:
Digoxin Digoxin (cardiac stimulant)(cardiac stimulant)------ leaves leaves
of digitalis purpurea or digitalis of digitalis purpurea or digitalis
lanatalanata

Anthraqinone glycosides Anthraqinone glycosides ((laxative laxative
action)action) ---------- senna,cascara,aloe senna,cascara,aloe

29. 3. 3. OilsOils
 Fixed oils
 Volatile oils
 Mineral oils

30. Fixed oils Fixed oils
 Esters of fatty acid and glycerol
 Edible
Examples
 Coconut oil
 Mustard oil
 Olive oil
 Castor oil (Purgative)
 Cod liver oil (Vitamin A & D)
 Used in the preparation of ointments,
suppositories, Soaps

31. Volatile OilsVolatile Oils
Essential or flavoring oils.
EXAMPLES:
LIQUID
Clove oil (toothache)
Eucalyptus oil
Coriander oil
Dill oil
Ginger oil ( Carminative)
Terpentine oil ( counter irrritant )
SOLIDS
Camphor
Menthol (peppermint oil)

32. Mineral OilMineral Oil
Hydrocarbon
Obtained from petroleum
EXAMPLE: Liquid paraffin (Lubricant & Laxative)

33. 4. 4. RESINSRESINS
Formed by :
Oxidation or polymerization of volatile oils
Amorphous, brittle, translucent, hard solids
Example:
Podophyllum (Purgative action),
Jalap ( hydragogue)
Toxicological importance

34. 5. OLIORESINS5. OLIORESINS
Mixtures of resins & volatile oils
Example:
Benzoin (Antiseptic)

35. 6. GUMS6. GUMS
Inert ----- emulsifying agents -Gum acacia,
Gum tragacanth
Active --------------------------------------- Agar
(Purgative)

36. 7. TANNINS7. TANNINS
 Mixture of esters of Gallic acid
+ Glucose
 Astringent action on MM
 Hemostatic

37. Animal SourcesAnimal Sources

38. Animal SourcesAnimal Sources

HormonesHormones

Insulin Insulin (hypoglycemic)(hypoglycemic)

Oils and fatsOils and fats

cod-liver oilcod-liver oil

EnzymesEnzymes

Pancreatin, Pepsin Pancreatin, Pepsin

VaccinesVaccines

killed, modified or killed, modified or
attenuated virusesattenuated viruses

39. Mineral Sources of DrugsMineral Sources of Drugs

40. Mineral Sources of DrugsMineral Sources of Drugs
Eg:Eg:
•Iron (Anemia)Iron (Anemia)
•Aluminum hydroxide (Antacid) Aluminum hydroxide (Antacid)
•Iodine Iodine ( Lugol’s iodine for thyrotoxicosis, ( Lugol’s iodine for thyrotoxicosis,
tincture iodine as antiseptic )tincture iodine as antiseptic )
•Magnesium sulphate (Purgative)Magnesium sulphate (Purgative)
•Sulphur (Scabies)Sulphur (Scabies)
•Antimony salts (Kala Azar)Antimony salts (Kala Azar)
•Bismuth Salts (peptic Ulcer )Bismuth Salts (peptic Ulcer )

41. Microbial Sources

42. Examples Examples
AntibioticAntibioticss
Penicillin -----Penicillin -----
Penicillium chrysogenumPenicillium chrysogenum
Streptomycin, neomycin ----Streptomycin, neomycin ----
Actinomycetaceae.Actinomycetaceae.
EnzymesEnzymes
Streptokinase Streptokinase (Fibrinolytic) ---- (Fibrinolytic) ----
streptococcusstreptococcus

43. HUMAN SOURCES

44. Immunoglobulins ------------ from blood
Growth hormones ---------- anterior pituitary
Chorionic gonadotropin-- urine of pregnant women

45. SYNTHETIC SOURCES

46. Organic
e.g.: penicillin
Inorganic

sulfonamide antibiotics

oral contraceptives

47. GENETIC ENGINEERING

48. Laboratory Produced Drugs
Recombinant
drugs

49. And what,” you ask, “is a And what,” you ask, “is a
recombinantrecombinant drug?!” drug?!”

50. Recombinant DrugsRecombinant Drugs
These are drugs These are drugs
produced by produced by
means of means of
recombinant recombinant
DNA technologyDNA technology
It all starts with a It all starts with a
gene that codes gene that codes
for a specific for a specific
protein ...protein ...
DNA
RNA
Protein
(A drug)

51. How a recombinant drug is madeHow a recombinant drug is made ... ...
Plasmid
(a circular bit o’ DNA)
cDNA(codes for a protein)
E.COLI
HUMAN INSULIN

52. Example of a Recombinant DrugExample of a Recombinant Drug::
InsulinInsulin

Most insulin is Most insulin is
now recombinantnow recombinant

Consists of two Consists of two
chains (A and B)chains (A and B)

A and B chains A and B chains
joined chemicallyjoined chemically
S
S
A
B

53. SOURCES OF DRUG INFORMATIONSOURCES OF DRUG INFORMATION

54. Sources of Drug InformationSources of Drug Information

The United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) and The United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) and
National Formulary (NF) National Formulary (NF)

Physician's Desk Reference (PDR)Physician's Desk Reference (PDR)

Drug Facts and Comparisons Drug Facts and Comparisons

Textbook Textbook

Journals Journals

Continuing medical education programsContinuing medical education programs

Drug company representativesDrug company representatives

Advertisements ( medical/nonmedical journals) Advertisements ( medical/nonmedical journals)

InternetInternet

55. THANK YOUTHANK YOU
Doctor:Doctor: Aap ka BP bohot zyada hai! Stress Aap ka BP bohot zyada hai! Stress
mat lein!mat lein!

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Patient:Patient: Doctor sahab, kaise na loon? Doctor sahab, kaise na loon?
Mehngi dawaiyan, mehnga petrol, mehnga Mehngi dawaiyan, mehnga petrol, mehnga
school!school!

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Doctor:Doctor: Bas, bas… Bas, bas…
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ےہںیہناناربھگ
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