Soyabean

mfc Soyabean

1. Course - Introduction to major field crops HPA-101 Topic- “Soybean” Submitted to:- dr. Deepa Joshi Dr. Gargi Goswami Submitted By:- PRIYANKA RAWAT 16020

2. Botanical description:- Common name : Soybean Botanical name : Glycine max Family : Leguminosae Chromosome no : 40 Origin : Eastern Asia or China Hindi name : Bhatt

3. Key points:- Poor man´s meat : Soybean Wonder crop : Soybean Yellow jewel of America : Soybean ICAR-Directorate of Soybean : Indore Research Soya region in India : Madhya Pradesh Soya bowl of India : Orissa

4. USES A large number of Indian and western dishes such as bread,chapati,milk,sweets,pastries etc.,can be prepared with soybean. Wheat flour fortified with soybean flour makes good quality and more nutritious “chapati”. Soybean oil is used for manufacturing vanaspati ghee and several other industrial products. Soybean is used for making high protein food for children. It can be used as fodder, forage can be made into hay, silage etc.

5. BY PRODUCTS

6. Source : Directorate of Economics and Statistics, MOA&FW, New Delhi.

7. Nutritional value NUTRIENT VALUE ENERGY 1,866 KJ (446kcal) CARBOHYDRATES 30.16g FAT 19.94g PROTEIN 36.49g SUGAR 7.33g FIBER 9.3g WATER 8.54g Vit . A 1µg Vit.K 47µg Vit.E 0.85mg CHOLESTEROL 0mg

8. Classification It is done according to form, size, shape and colour of its seeds and maturity period as given below. I. Manchurian classification(Based on colour of seed) A. Yellow group. Yellow seeds with light hilum Yellow seeds with golden hilum Yellow seeds with brown hilum

9. B . Black group: Large black seed Flat black seed Small black seed C. Green Group: Epidermis of seed green but embryo yellow Epidermis as well as embryo green II. Martain classification(Based on shape and size of seed.) Soja elliptica Soja spherica Soja compressa

10. III. Hertz classification( Based on shape of pod.) Soja platycarpa Soja tumida IV. American classification(Based on maturity period) Group Maturity (days) Varieties (00) 117 Flambeau, Portage (0) 126 Merit, Grant ( i ) 126 Black Hark , Hark (ii) 130 Amsoy, Harosoy-63

11. Group Maturity (days) Varieties (iii) 131 Ford, Kim, Adams (iv) 136 Scott, Kent, Clark-63 (v) 139 Hill, Dorman, (vi) 148 Hood, Lee, Davis (vii) 156 Bragg, Jakson (viii) 158 Improved pelican, Hardee

12. Climatic requirements Soybean grows well in warm and moist climate. Optimum temperature for most of varieties 26.5 to 30 ⁰C. Soil temperature for rapid germination and vigorous seedling is 15.5 ⁰C or above. The minimum temperature for effective growth is about 10 ⁰C. SOIL Wall drained and fertile loam soils with a pH between 6.0-7.5.

13. Varieties Bragg: It is an introduction from USA. Yields about 20-30 q/ha. Lee: It matures in 110 days in north India and yield 20-25q/ha. Improved Pelicon: It is suitable for the southern zone.The crop matures in 110-120 days and yields around 20q grain per hectare. Alankar: This variety was developed at pantnagar and released in 1977.The crop matures in 120 days and the yield potential is 25-35q of grain per hectare.

14. Shilajeet: This variety was also developed at pantnagar and released in 1979.It is quite early, maturing in 105 days and yield 20-25q of grain per hectare. Durga: This variety matures in 102-105 days. And its yield potential is 20-22q/ha. Gaurav: This variety matures in 104-106 days. Its yield potential is 20-25q/ha. Gujarat Soy-1 This variety matures in 90-95 days. Its yield potential is 15-20q/ha.

15. Promising soybean varieties suitable for different agro climatic zones. Agro climatic zones Recommended varieties Northern Hill Zone (Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand) Bragg, Lee, PK-262, Shilajeet,Ahilaya-1 ,Pusa-16,Pusa-20 Northern Plain Zone (Punjab, Haryana, U.P, Delhi) Bragg, Ankur, PK-327, PK-1029, PK-416 North Eastern Zone (Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, Meghalaya) Bragg, PK-472, Pusa-16, Pusa-22, Pusa-24 Central Zone (Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Orissa) Durga, Gaurav, Gujarat Soy-1, Ahilaya-3 Southern Zone (Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala), (Some parts of Maharashtra) CO-1, CO-2, PK-472, PK-472, Improved Pelicon.

16. Cropping systems Mixed cropping of soybean with maize, finger millet (mandua), and sesamum has been found feasible and more remunerative. In mixed cropping of maize and soybean, plant maize at 100cm row spacing keeping plant to plant distance 10cm and three rows of soybean in between maize rows.

17. Important crop sequence with soybean REGION CROPPING SEQUENCE Northern Hill Zone Soybean-Wheat Soybean- Peas Soybean- Lentil Northern Plain Zone Soybean- Potato Soybean- Chick pea Soybean - Mustard Northern East Zone Rice- Soybean Soybean- Rice

18. Southern Zone Soybean- Sunflower Soybean- Groundnut Soybean- Safflower Soybean- Rabi Sorghum Central Zone Soybean- Wheat- Maize (Fodder) Soybean- Rapeseed- Mustard Soybean- Rabi Sorghum Soybean- Pigeonpea

19. Field preparation It requires a good seedbed with a reasonable fine texture and not too many clods.Land should be well-levelled and be free from crop stubbles. There should be optimum moisture in the field at the time of sowing. Seed And Sowing Seed treatment To reduce the fungal attack the seed should be treated prior to sowing with fungicides like Thiram @ 4.5g/kg of seed or with a mixture of Thiram+Bavistin 1:1 @ of 3g/kg of seed.

20. Seed inoculation S oybean seed should be inoculated with suitable strain of Rhizobium japonicum. Peat based Rhizobium culture is best for this purpose. This should be used @ of 0.5kg/70 kg seed. Time of sowing In India, soybean is mostly a rainy season crop, sown in June last week to 1 st week of July and harvested in October. Under irrigated condition, a spring crop of soybean is also taken. The sowing of spring soybean is done between 15 February and 15 March. June planting takes longer period to mature and is very much susceptible to yellow mosaic virus.

21. Recommended time of planting for soybean in different parts of India REIGON TIME OF PLANTING Northern hill zone Last week of May to June end Northern plain zone Mid-June to 1 st week of July Central zone Middle of June to middle of July Southern zone Kharif : Middle of June to end of July Rabi : 1 st week of October to December Summer: 2 nd fortnight of January North-east zone Mid-June to end of July

22. Method of sowing The sowing should be done in lines 45-60cm apart with the help of seed drill or behind the plough. Plant to plant distance should be 4-5cm. The depth of sowing should not be more than 3-4cm under optimum moisture condition. Seed rate 70-80kg seed /ha. For late planting and for spring crop, seed rate should be 100-120kg/ha. Manures and fertilisers For obtaining good yield of soybean apply 15-20 tonnes of FYM or compost per hectare. 20-30kg/ha of nitrogen as a starter dose will be sufficient. Soybean requires relatively large amounts of phosphorus than other crop..

23. It requires 70-80kg/ha of P ₂O₅ and 50-60kg/ha K₂O₅ as per requirement of the crop. Water management During Kharif season, soybean crop generally does not require any irrigation. During excessive rains proper drainage is also equally important. Spring crop would require about 5-6 irrigation. Weed management The annual grasses like Echinochloa colonum, Eleusine indica, and Digitaria spp. are the major problems in soybean fields. Celosia argentia is the most important broad leaved weed. Cyperus rotundus, Cynodon dactylon and Sorghum halepanse are important among perennial weeds. Spray Atrazine 1000-1500g a.i/ha 0-3 days after sowing and Pendimethalin 750-1000g a.i/ha 0-3 days after sowing.

24. Plant protection 1. Frog Eye Leaf Spot: This disease appears in the field about two months after planting. It is caused by a fungus Cercospora sojina. The leaf spot has grey to light tan central area with a narrow reddish- brown margin. CONTROL i. Use certified seed. ii. Use resistant varieties like Bragg. 2.Pod Blight or Anthracnose: This disease is caused by a fungus Colletotrichum truncatum. The pods first become yellowish-green and soon dryout.

25. CONTROL i. Spray Zinab @ of 2.5kg/ha in 1000 litres of water. ii. Plant resistant varieties like Bragg,JS-355. 3.Purple Seed Stain: This disease is caused by Cercospora kikuchii fungus. It causes a purple colouration of the seed. CONTROL i.Use certified good quality seed or treat the seed with 1:1 Thiram + Bavistin @ of 3g/kg of seed. 4.Bacterial Pustule: This disease is caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas phaseoli var. Sjensis. Small yellowish-green spots with reddish-brown centres are formed on the upper surface of the leaves. CONTROL i. Grow resistant varieties like Alankar, Shilajit.

26. INSECT PESTS 1.Stem Fly:- CONTROL: Apply Phorate 10% granules @ of 10kg/ha. 2.Girdle Beetle:- CONTROL: Spray Endosulfan 35EC or Dimethoate 30 EC. 3.Bihar Hairy Caterpillar:- CONTROL: Dusting 2% Methyl parathion @ of 25-30kg/ha. 4.Tobacco Caterpillar:- CONTROL: Dusting 2% Methyl parathion dust @ 25-30kg/ha. 5.Leaf Miner:- CONTROL: Endosulfan 35 EC @ 1 litre/ha in 1000 litres of water.

27. Frog Eye Leaf Spot Pod Blight or Anthracnose Purple Seed Stain

28. Harvesting and threshing When soybean plants mature they start dropping their leaves . The maturity period ranges from 90-140 days depending on the varieties. When the plants reach maturity, the leaves turn yellow and drop and soybean pods dry out quickly. Harvesting can be done by hand, breaking the stalks on with sickle. Threshing can be done either with the mechanical soybean thresher . A moisture content of 13-14% is ideal for threshing with thresher.

29. Yield potential Soybean yield 30-35q of grain/ha. With good crop management, seed yield of about 1,600- 2,000kg/ha under rainfed conditions and 2,000- 2,5000kg/ha under irrigated conditions.

30. REFERENCES:- Singh Chhidda ,Singh Prem , Singh Rajbir, 2009,second edition Modern Techniques Of Raising field Crops , Oxford &IBH Publishing Company Pvt.Ltd.,113-B Shahpur Jat , Asian Village Side, New Delhi110 049 ,India Hand Book Of Agriculture http://www.agriinfo.in/ https://www.agripedia.biz/login/auth

31. THANK YOU...