Space structure

A space frame or space structure is a structure system assembled of linear elements so arranged that forces are transferred in a three-dimensional manner. Space frames can be used to cover large areas with few interior supports.

1. SPACE STRUCTURE STRUCTURE VI PRESENTED BY: PAYAL KARAVADRA

2. ALSO KNOWN AS SPACE FRAME

3. WHAT IS SPACE STRUCTURE? A SPACE FRAME or SPACE STRUCTURE is a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure c onstructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can be used to span large a reas with few interior supports.

4. HISTORY OF SPACE FRAME Space frames were independently developed by Alexander Graham B ell around 1900 and Buckminster Fuller in the 1950s Buckminster Fuller's focus was architectural structures; his work had greater influence. It was developed in California during the 1960s and introduced to the South African market in 1982, specifically developed for unstable soil conditions, the panels form a monolithic structure offering superior wall strength in which no cracking will occur. MATERIALS M aterials which are used for these space frames: Steel : This steel material which is used for the space frames sustain more load and carry tones of weight. This steel is mostly used in now-a-days in a long span structures and has to be maintained properly. Timber : This timber material is also used in the 19 th century and by using this material the maintenance level is becoming very high.

5. LOAD DISTRIBUTION The simplest form of space frame is a horizontal slab of interlocking square pyramids and tetrahedral built from aluminum or tubular steel struts. Space frames can be used to span large areas with few interior supports. Like the truss, a space frame is strong because of the inherent rigidity of the triangle; flexing loads (bending moments) are transmitted as tension and compression loads along the length of each strut.

6. TYPES OF SPACE FRAME Curvature classification Space Plane Covers Barrel Vaults Spherical Domes 2.Classification by the arrangement of its elements Single Layer Grid Double Layer Grid T riple Layer Grid

7. CURVATURE CLASSIFICATION 1. SPACE PLANE COVERS: Spatial structures composed of planar substructures. Deflections in the plane are channeled through the horizontal bars and the shear forces are supported by the diagonals.

8. 2 . BARREL VAULTS : Has a cross section of a simple arch. Usually this type of space frame does not need to use tetrahedral modules or pyramids as a part of its backing.

9. 3. SPHERICAL DOMES: Require the use of tetrahedral modules or pyramids and additional support from a skin.

10. CLASSIFICATION BY THE ARRANGMENT OF ITS ELEMENTS 1.SINGLE LAYER GRID: All elements are located on the surface a pproximately.

11. 2.DOUBLE LAYER GRID : Commonly used space frames are double layered and flat. Elements are organized in two parallel layers with each other at a certain distance apart. Each of the layers form a lattice of triangles, squares or hexagons in which the projection of the nodes in a layer may overlap or be displaced relative to each other.

12. 3.TRIPLE LAYER GRID : Elements are placed in three parallel layers, linked by the diagonals. They are almost always flat. Practically used for a larger span building

13. SPACE FRAME COMPONENTS MEMBERS Members are axial element with circular or rectangular sections, all members can only resist tension or compression. The space grid is built o f r el a t ive l y lo n g t e n sion m e m b e r s a n d short compression m e m be r s . A t r e n d is ve r y no t iceable in which the structural m e m be r s are le f t exposed as a part of th e a rch i t e ctur al expression JOINTS In a space frame, connecting joints play an important role, both funct io n al a n d esthetic, which derives from their rationality during construction and after completion. Si nc e j o i nt s h a ve a decisive effect on the strength and stiffness of structure and compose around 20 to 30 percent total weight, joint design is critical to space frame economy and safety.

14. DESIGN METHOD Space frames are typically designed using a rigidity matrix. The special characteristic of the stiffness matrix in an architectural space frame is the independence of the angular factors. If the joints are sufficiently rigid, the angular deflections can be neglected, simplifying the calculations. Members are fixed using connectors . D ifferent types of connectors a re: Nodus Connector Triodetic Connector Tuball Node Connector Hemispherical Dome Connector

15. 1.NODUS CONNECTOR: It can accept both rectangular and circular hollow sections and that the cladding can be fixed directly to the chords. Chord connectors have to be welded to the ends of the hollow members on site.

16. 2. TRIODETIC CONNECTOR: Consists of a hub, usually an aluminum extrusion, with slots or key ways , which the ends of members are pressed or coined to match the slots.

17. 3 . TUBALL NODE CONNECTOR: Hollow sphere made of spherical graphite. End of the circular hollow section member to be connected is fitted at its ends by welding connection from inside the cup is done using bolt and nut.

18. 4 . HEMISPHERICAL DOME CONNECTOR: Usually use for double layer domes. Has a span more than 40m. More economical for long span. The jointing is connect by slitting the end of the tube or rod with the joint fin. Two types of joint: pentagonal joint and hexagonal joint.

19. ADVANTAGES OF SPACE FRAMES Light Elegant & economical Carry load by three dimensional action High inherent stiffness Easy to construct Save construction time & cost Services (such as lighting and air conditioning) can be integrated with space frames Offer the architect unrestricted freedom in locating supports and planning the subdivision of the covered space.

20. HALL OF NATION , PRAGATI MAIDAN

21. SAN SIRO STADIUM, MILAN

22. STANSTED AIRPORT, LONDON