SPARE Civic Basic Radio 101 presentation

An introductory presentation on basic radio communication under the SPARE Civic Program, aimed at enhancing community readiness and coordination during emergencies. This session provides participants with essential knowledge on radio operation, proper communication procedures, and the importance of radio networks in disaster response and civic activities.

1. BASIC RADIO 101 An Emergency Responder’s Guide to Effective Radio Communication

2. Training Overview Introduction of Radio Basics Anatomy of Radio Radio Classification and Facilities Communication Etiquette Protocol in Two-way Radio Operation Radio Law and License Sample Best Practice and Common Errors

3. Introduction of Radio Basics Purpose To provide a common understanding of basic two-way radio knowledge and communication guidelines, improving clarity, efficiency, and safety in radio-based interactions.

4. ANATOMY OF RADIO Introduction of Radio Basic

5. Anatomy of Radio/ POWER Power “ON” and “OFF” Different styles Push button Control knob Turn off when changing batteries

6. Anatomy of Radio/ PUSH-TO-TALK [PTT] Wait 2 seconds Speak in normal voice Incoming messages if PTT is activated

7. Anatomy of Radio/ SPEAKER & MICROPHONE Speaker and microphone are located together. Microphone is activated when PTT is press. Speaker is activated when PTT is not is used. External Speaker, build with Microphone and Speaker

8. Anatomy of Radio/ANTENNA The antenna’s purpose is to transmit and receive radio waves. For optimal reception, always keep the antenna upright (vertical), not sideways. Do not use the antenna as a handle this can damage the equipment and reduce performance.

9. Anatomy of Radio/ BATTERIES Ni-Cad (Nickel-Cadmium) : It’s best to fully discharge the battery before recharging to avoid the memory effect, which can reduce capacity over time. NiMH (Nickel Metal Hydride) : While it’s not necessary to fully discharge every time, it’s better to charge when the battery is low to maintain its capacity. Li-Ion (Lithium-Ion) : You can charge Li-Ion batteries at any time without worrying about memory effect. It’s actually better not to let them fully discharge.

10. Anatomy of Radio/ CHARGERS Types of Charger Trickle Charger Rapid-Rate/ Multi-Charger Turn off the RADIO. Check contacts. Do not Transmit. For Ni-Cad and NiMH, Check if drained battery. For Li- lon , can Charge anytime.

11. RADIO CLASSIFICATION & FACILITIES Introduction of Radio Basic

12. Radio Class. & Facilities/HOW IT WORKS? Radio Console Base Station Tower/ Repeater Mobile Radio Portable Radio

13. Radio Class. & Facilities/ BASE RADIO STN. Installation: Installed in an office, home, or a fixed area. Antenna: Comes with an external antenna; higher antenna height results in a stronger signal. Operation: Operated by a Base Controller.

14. Radio Class. & Facilities/ MOBILE BASE STN. Installation: Can be installed in cars, boats, and airplanes. Usage: Can be used both while mobile (in motion) and stationary. Signal Strength: Can provide a signal as strong as that of a stationary base radio station.

15. Radio Class. & Facilities/ PORTABLE RADIO Size: Small and can be operated by hand. Portability: Easy to carry and transport. Power: Typically operates on low power.

16. Radio Class. & Facilities/ REPEATER Function: Amplifies your signal from 2 to 5 watts to 15 to 50 watts. Coverage: Improves signal coverage, allowing communication from one island to another.

17. Radio Class. & Facilities/ REPEATER Types of Transmission Mode Simplex: Communication is one at a time only one person can talk while others listen. Uses a single frequency for both transmitting and receiving. Example: Handheld radios talking directly to each other. Duplex (Repeater Mode): Allows two-way communication but uses two different frequencies. The repeater receives on one frequency and transmits on another, boosting the signal. Extends the range great for covering large areas like between islands or across cities.

18. Radio Class. & Facilities/ TOWERS Repeater towers are tall structures placed on high ground that hold antennas for receiving and transmitting radio signals, helping extend communication range.

19. PROTOCOL IN 2-WAY RADIO OPERATION Communication Etiquette

20. Protocol in 2-Way Radio Operation/ Basic Rdo Etiquette Rules 1. Think Before You Speak Plan your message before transmitting to avoid unnecessary pauses. 2. Press and Pause Press the Push-To-Talk (PTT) button, wait 1–2 seconds , then speak. This prevents the beginning of your message from being cut off. 3. Speak Clearly and at a Moderate Pace Talk slowly and clearly to ensure your message is understood.

21. Protocol in 2-Way Radio Operation/ Basic Rdo Etiquette Rules 4. Use Proper Radio Language Use clear and standard phrases like: "Over" – End of transmission, expecting a reply. "Out" – End of communication, no reply needed. "Roger" – Message received and understood. "Say Again" – Request to repeat the message. 5. Keep Transmissions Short and Concise Avoid unnecessary chatter to keep the channel clear for important communications.

22. Protocol in 2-Way Radio Operation/ Basic Rdo Etiquette Rules 6. Identify Yourself and Who You're Calling Example: "Base, this is Unit 1, over." 7. Avoid Interrupting Wait for pauses before transmitting unless it’s an emergency. 8. Maintain Professionalism Avoid using offensive or unnecessary words. Keep the conversation professional. 9. Listen Before You Transmit Ensure the channel is clear before speaking to avoid overlapping conversations.

23. Protocol in 2-Way Radio Operation/ Four Golden Rules of Radio Communication CLARITY Your voice should be clear. Speak a little slower than normal. Speak in a normal tone; do not shout. SIMPLICITY Keep your message simple enough for intended listeners to understand.

24. Protocol in 2-Way Radio Operation/ Four Golden Rules of Radio Communication BREVITY Be precise and to the point. SECURITY Do not transmit confidential information on a radio.

25. Protocol in 2-Way Radio Operation/ PRIORITIES Communications involving the safety of life or protection of property are always the highest priority for all first responders. In any situation whether it's a natural disaster, fire, medical emergency, or security threat emergency communications must be clear, fast, and uninterrupted to ensure timely response and coordination. These critical messages take precedence over all other radio traffic.

26. RADIO LAW AND LICENSE SAMPLE Communication Etiquette

27. RADIO LAW AND LICENSE SAMPLE/RADIO LAW The use of two-way radios is regulated by the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) under various laws and regulations, particularly the Radio Control Law (Act No. 3846) , and NTC’s rules on licensing and radio equipment use .

28. License Requirement All users of two-way radios must obtain: A radio station license . A radio operator certificate (ROC) for the person operating the radio (usually a Basic Radio Operator's Certificate). An equipment type approval/permit for the radios used. Permitted Use Use must be for official communication related to public safety, disaster coordination, and community service. Frequencies used must be assigned by the NTC . Prohibited Acts Use of unlicensed or unregistered radios. Interference with other licensed radio users (such as police, military, or emergency services). Use of unauthorized frequencies. Use for personal or political purposes. RADIO LAW AND LICENSE SAMPLE/RADIO LAW

29. Penalties for Violations (Based on NTC Rules and Act No. 3846) Operating Without a License Fine : ₱5,000 to ₱50,000 per offense (depending on severity). Seizure of radio equipment. Imprisonment : 6 months to 2 years (upon court conviction). Possible revocation of Barangay permits for continued violations. Using Unauthorized Frequencies Cease and desist orders . Administrative fines. Confiscation of equipment. Unlicensed Radio Operator Fines and administrative sanctions. Requirement to undergo Basic Radio Operator training and certification . RADIO LAW AND LICENSE SAMPLE/RADIO LAW

30. SAMPLE ROC (RADIO OPERATORS CERTIFICATE) RADIO LAW AND LICENSE SAMPLE/ LICENSE SAMPLE

31. BEST PRACTICES & COMMON ERRORS Communication Etiquette

32. Best Practices & Common Errors/ MICROPHONE USAGE When using a base radio , the microphone should be held 2 to 3 inches away from your mouth. This distance ensures clear audio transmission without distortion or distortion from breathing sounds, while also preventing the sound from being too faint.

33. Best Practices & Common Errors/ PRONUNCIATION PROBLEM Mispronounced Words Names Speech Mumbled Lazy SOLUTION Phonetically spell the word or name Maintain consistent voice quality all situations

34. Best Practices & Common Errors/ PHONETIC ALPHABET

35. Best Practices & Common Errors/ 10 - CODES

36. Best Practices & Common Errors Obtain and Secure Your Call Signs: Ensure you have your designated call sign ready for identification. Calling Station First: When transmitting, always mention the called station’s call sign first before your own. HOW TO CALL A STATION

37. Best Practices & Common Errors Follow the Five W’s in Communication: Who – Who needs something? What – What do they need? Why – Why do they need it? When – When do they need it? Where – Where do they need it? HOW TO CALL A STATION

38. Best Practices & Common Errors Think Before You Speak: Take a moment to gather your thoughts before transmitting. Listen Before You Speak: Ensure the frequency is clear and you're not interrupting someone else. TECHNIQUE IN CALLING A STATION

39. Best Practices & Common Errors Answer All Calls Promptly: Respond quickly to incoming calls to maintain effective communication. Keep Airways Free of Unnecessary Talk: Avoid idle chatter to ensure the airwaves remain available for important messages. TECHNIQUE IN CALLING A STATION

40. Best Practices & Common Errors Be Brief and to the Point: Provide concise, clear information without unnecessary details. Only Transmit Facts: Share only accurate and relevant information. Do Not Relay Messages Unless Asked: Only act as a relay station when net control specifically requests your help. TECHNIQUE IN CALLING A STATION

41. Best Practices & Common Errors Break – join conversation Break Break – urgent transmission Break Break Break – life or death situation USE OF BREAK! OTHER FORMS (USED BY MARITIME & AIRLINES) Securite Securite Securite – Security Pan Pan Pan – Priority Mayday Mayday Mayday - Emergency

42. Best Practices & Common Errors PRESS PTT BUTTON 2 Seconds before speaking RELEASE PTT BUTTON 2 Seconds after speaking ALWAYS REMEMBER THE 2-second RULE!

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44. THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME AND ATTENTION