SPECIAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES.pptx

special area program related to border area people

1. SPECIAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES Submitted by: Shreya Khajuria Shivam Aerry Deshavath Priyanka

2. INTRODUCTION The Special area development project is an integral component of India's planning policy aimed at achieving balanced regional development. It specifically targets regions that have lagged behind other parts of the country in terms of development. It is a major development plan started under the Fifth Five Year Plan to ease imbalances and accelerate economic growth in that region. Balance regional development in India is difficult due to its size and variety. Due to rising regional inequality, resource distribution has fluctuated. State-level economic and social growth in India is researched most often. Many districts in an affluent state are backward and underdeveloped. The different geographic, economic, and social characteristics contribute to this. Hilly and inaccessible locations, tribal areas, troublesome and unfriendly conditions like unproductive soil, deserts, and drought-prone areas, and ecologically sensitive areas like western ghats are backward. These locations need unique attention due to their physical and socio-economic context to develop and thrive like others. Regional development seeks to eliminate regional imbalances through socio-economic development and to bring the region up to speed with the rest of the country. The Government of India periodically appoints committees to report on certain areas' backwardness. Finally, the Fourth Plan (1969-74) introduced special area development plans to address local physical, economic, and social difficulties. Hill, Drought Prone, Desert, Western Ghats, and Tribal Sub-Plans were executed under Special Area Development Programmes .

3. DEFINITIONS RELATED TO SPECIAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES Region: is a geographical and real unit with specific requirements. These parts of the Earth's surface are distinguishable from neighbouring places, maybe due to the complex of land, water, air, animals, and men and women considered a definite geolocation. Planning regions govern economic decisions. Since it aids national development, the concept is crucial to planning . Planning: It is the process of making decisions to achieve socio-economic goals through development decisions. It entails making decisions that benefit people who can live a sustainable, fair, efficient, and healthy life together. Planning has two parts: formulation and implementation. Regional Planning: Regional planning evaluates sub-national areas and develops them for the nation. Effective land use and settlement structure growth are its goals. It includes public action for social well-being and is based on regional planning. It also means that regional planning prioritizes civilization in space. Regional inequality and intensive socio-economic development imperatives of specific geographic areas and society as a whole are the foundation of regional planning and development. Regional planning aims to meet regional needs, maximize resources, address problems, and involve locals in plan creation and execution.

4. Programmes : This involves related activities with long-term goals. Programmes are related to a collection of actions with a specified purpose and achieve targets to meet the country's or state's long-term development needs throughout planning. Programme intent, objective, and long-term goal are specific. Time is also vital in programme planning and execution. Each programme is structured and approached differently. Regional projects involve village panchayats, local groups, and schools in environmental conservation such afforestation and cultural heritage care. Special Areas: Areas with unique physical, geographical, social, cultural, and economic qualities. Due to their features, special places have particular developmental demands. Specific areas have unique development needs, hence specific plans are created and implemented periodically to meet regional development discrepancies. In some locations, the ecological state is the major factor in creating strategies to achieve a dynamic socio-economic balance through resource exploitation and use for human development.

5. SPECIAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES: POLICY AND IMPLEMENTATION 1. Hill Area Development Programme : Hill Area Development Programme was implemented during Fifth Five Year Plan for specified hill areas. Hilly areas cover 17% of India's land and 11% of its population. Planning divides the hill area into two groups based on its entire area. Jammu and Kashmir, Arunachala Pradesh, Nagaland, Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand are hilly states. In these "Special Category States," infrastructure, social, and community services are prioritised . Apart from this, those hilly areas, which form part of larger states where limited parts are hilly and underdevelopment termed as ‘Designated Hill Areas’. Mainly: i )Two districts of Assam – North Cachar Hills and Karbi Anglong . ii)Eight districts of Uttarakhand – Dehradun, Pauri Garhwal, Tehri Garhwal, Chamoli, Uttarkashi, Nainital, Almora and Pithoragarh. iii)Darjeeling district of West Bengal. iv)Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu. v)163 Talukas of Western Ghats area Covering parts of Goa, Karnataka (40 talukas), Kerala (29 talukas), Maharashtra (162 talukas) and Tamil Nadu (29 talukas).

6. To correct interstate development imbalances, the HADP was mostly implemented in hill areas in 1974–75. A National Development Council committee advised it. The hilly region's terrain, socio-economic and cultural diversity, population pressure, deforestation for commercial and household use, low land productivity due to soil erosion and road expansion, shifting cultivation, overgrazing, and mono culture forestry influenced the development plan. HADP has prioritised economic development and sustainable use of natural resources. HADP began with the goals of socio-economic development of the hills and its residents, ecological development, and infrastructural development to support life. HADP projects provide Central Assistance to ecologically sensitive hill areas to develop them. The programme uses a sub-plan approach for all hills in the state. HADP was created to plan and implement programmes . HADP's strategy has changed from beneficiary-oriented in the Fifth Five Year Plan to eco-development over four decades. In the seventh Plan, ecology—restoration, preservation, and development—was the key concern. The eighth Plan emphasised hill economy productivity, particularly modernising agricultural and home, cottage, and village-level enterprises. Again, eco-preservation and eco-restoration prioritise biodiversity sustainability. The Tenth Plan focused on local needs and aspirations and their active engagement in designing and implementing biodiversity and sustainable livelihood policies. HADP and WGDP developed the Watershed Development strategy to sustainably protect endangered eco-systems using environmentally friendly technologies. The hills programme focuses on soil protection, horticulture, and forestry. The participatory strategy included NGOs, revenue creation initiatives, and infrastructure projects including bamboo cultivation, medicinal plants, and agro -forestry to help people earn a living. The HADP planning strategy action plan is:

7. Development of land use plan for the forest area as well as cultivated areas. Conserve soil and water to increase the productivity of the land by using vegetative methods and changing cropping patterns. Promote non-land-based economic activities to uplift the poor people for their income generation and to ensure environmental protection. Forestry, Plantation, horticulture, poultry, apiculture, animal husbandry, village and cottage industries to encourage and explore indigenous resources for eco-development. Development of biosphere reservoirs, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries’ for eco-restoration and preservation. Emphasis on a small scale high-value industry such as electronics, fibre optics, furniture, carpet weaving, and drugs and pharmaceutical. Promote tourism industries. Economic upliftment of tribes in isolated locations and settlements. To evolve a comprehensive human settlement policy and discourage migration. “Area-based Approach” adopted and integrated plans to be prepared for all watersheds and high priority watersheds shall be chosen for treatment. Use of scientific interventions will be encouraged i.e. application of remote sensing, etc. Promotion of Non-Conventions Energy Sources i.e. Solar, Hydro, Bio- Gas etc.

8. 2. Tribal Area Development Programme (TADP) Tribal populations and their conditions vary across the nation. Mizoram, Lakshadweep, and Meghalaya have high tribal populations, while other places have tiny tribal populations. Due to their steep, forested, and arid nature, tribal communities did not develop socioeconomically. Some food-gathering tribes practise shifting cultivation or primitive agriculture. Our constitution provides for tribes' socio-economic development to prevent exploitation and integrate them into society. Tribal regions were underdeveloped and had many issues until 1976. Detailed and extensive analysis led to specialised activities in the Fifth Five Year Plan since their demands and problems vary by geographic demographic concentration. An integrated tribal area development programme was noted for places with 50% or more tribal concentration. Subplan planning for such places aims to improve tribes' quality of life and reduce the development gap with other parts of the country. Tribal area sub-plan approach: To tackle the problem of tribal communities, in the form of a tribal sub-plan, was applied for the tribal development.This sub-plan approach to tribal development has been operative in 19 States and 2 Union Territories. It covers extensive areas of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orrisa, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, and Rajasthan. The tribal areas have been divided into three categories as micro (block-level), meso (sub-division/tehsil), and macro (state level). In others, wards development block was taken as the smallest unit of development in the new strategic plan. It is known as the Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP). Important aspects of the tribal area development programme are as follows:

9. Take-up as family-oriented programme and to increase productivity level of beneficiary family in the field, horticulture, animal husbandry, and small-scale industry, etc. To liberate trials from the exploitation of land grabbing money-lending, debt-bandage, forest- labour , etc. To improve quality of life through education and training programme . To provide infrastructural facilities in tribal areas. Under Tribal development programmes total of 180 ITDP units are operational. Central India has the most such initiatives. Madhya Pradesh has 49, Orissa 21, Assam 19, Maharashtra 16, Bihar 14, and West Bengal 12. More than two-thirds of projects are in these states. ITDP covered 15.27% of the country under the Seventh Plan. Such projects covered most of Manipur (90.03 percent), Sikkim (63.49 percent), and Tripura (63.8 percent). Himachal Pradesh (43.03 percent), Madhya Pradesh (36.9 percent), and Bihar (25.1 percent) also have considerable coverage regions. Despite state and federal government initiatives, grass roots implementation challenges hurt tribal communities. It is noteworthy that non-tribal people are moving to tribal majority areas in large numbers. However, tribal people are moving for education and jobs. Tribal populations may not dominate administrative units for long. This new challenge requires a proactive approach. Tribal area programmes shortcomings must be addressed to enable their existence and participation in the country's main stream.

10. 3. Western Ghat Development Programme (WGDP) The Himalayas in the north and Western Ghats in the south are home to several important river systems' sources, catchments, and watersheds. They are rich in forests, plants, animals, and minerals. Their eco-systems are sensitive and fertile. Western Ghats are a 1600-km-long, 80-100-km-wide mountain range along the west coast of India from Maharashtra to Tamil Nadu, with a break in Palghat, Kerala. The Western Ghats cover 8.82% of India's mountains. With 30% forest, Western Ghats hilly eco-systems have the richest flora and fauna and unique biodiversity. The Western Ghats shape peninsular India's climate, economy, and society. The western ghats of Tamil Nadu cover 33 taluks in eight districts: Coimbatore, Tirupur, Dindigul , Theni, Madurai, Virudhunagar, Tirunelveli, and Kanyakumari. Twenty percent of Tamil Nadu. Western Ghat Development Programme began in 1975-76. This initiative began with economic development objectives but expanded to socio-economic, infrastructure, and ecological development. The WGDP began with 100% national assistance and is currently split 90:10 between the centre and state governments. This programme allocates 70% of resources to sustainable livelihoods like soil and water conservation, forestry, and infrastructure. A watershed is used to increase and stabilise output, reduce ecological degradation, reduce regional disparity, and provide rural poor with more livelihood choices. Watershed-based WGDP implementation plans were prioritised in 2010-11. This integrated approach involves locals. In the Eleventh plan, soil and water conservation measures were implemented in 166 watersheds for Rs. 101.16 crore, with Rs. 36.63 crore going to soil conservation and Rs. 19.10 crore to forestry. Development: Western Ghats gives opportunities for forest, horticulture, animal husbandry, and water availability for groundwater recharge and drinking. Western Ghats development will improve ecology and conserve resources. It can expand plantation crops including tea, coffee, cardamom, cocoa, rubber, pepper, etc.

11. Western Ghats development during Plan (WGDP): WGDP prioritizes hilly region resource utilization and local economic well-being in the Fifth Five Year Plan. Horticulture, plantation, afforestation, minor irrigation, animal husbandry, and tourism are the principal activities. The Sixth Five Year Plan emphasizes prototype infrastructure projects. The Seventh and Eighth Five Year Plans used a life support system to conserve genetic diversity and repair human-caused ecological harm. ‘Development in harmony with the environment and ‘Development without disrupting the vulnerable systems’ were WGDP development strategy objectives during the Ninth Five Year Plan. The Tenth Five Year Plan prioritized biodiversity sustainability and local community requirements. The programme focuses on soil conservation, horticulture, forestry, minor irrigation, rural roads, animal husbandry, fisheries, remote sensing, and palm product development. The main objectives of WGDP are as follows: Maintain ecological balance through forest preservation and conservation which is necessary for a life support system. To preserve genetic diversity to restore the ecological damage caused by human activities. Create awareness among the people and educate them about severe consequences of ecological degradation, therefore they play active participation in eco-development. Checking soil erosion and denudation of area around rivers, lakes, marshes, reservoirs, and springs for soil and water conservation. Afforestation and forestry programmes for increasing tree cover. Meeting the basic livelihood requirement like fuel, fodder, timber, and forest products like medicinal materials for the rural tribal population. Creating a people’s movement at a large scale with the involvement of women

12. 4) Drought Prone Area Development Programme (DPADP) India has a lot of arid and semi-arid territory. Drought-prone environments are classified as arid, semi-arid, or sub-humid. Droughts are long-term dry spells induced by low rainfall. Droughts degrade land, deplete water supplies, and reduce crop, livestock, and human productivity. The crisis is marked by starvation, malnutrition, and cattle and people migration. Due to low rainfall and harsh weather, much of India comes under these circumstances. These areas are served by DPAP, a special area initiative for drought-prone areas. Draught-prone locations contributed to regional imbalance in the country. Drought Prone Areas Programme (DPAP) was launched in 1970-71 as Rural Works Programme (RWP) to address drought regions. It became an Area Development Programme in 1973-74 during the Fourth Five Year Plan. The program's main goals are to maximise land, water, and livestock resources, posture development, soil and moisture conservation, afforestation with a focus on social and farm forestry, livestock and dairy development, cropping pattern restructuring, and economic development by increasing income for the poor. Human and animal pressure in drought-prone areas has reduced natural resources, causing soil erosion, water table decline, and vegetative cover loss. DPAP used integrated area development after the planning committee Commission advised. This project began with 50-50 center-state split. Initial deployment was difficult due to tight requirements and an ill-designed structure. Limited participation and infrastructure were the main drawbacks of this programme . Watershed projects have been the implementation unit of Special Area Development Programmes Natural Resources Management and Environment since 1995-96. People in the community design and build watershed projects. The fund-sharing ratio was changed to 75:25. According to estimates, DPAP covers 74.6 million hectares in 16 states: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal, 195 districts, and 972 Eighth Five Year Plan outlay was Rs. 1000 crore, with Rs. 500 crore federal share.

13. 5)Desert Development Programme (DDP) National Commission on Agriculture (1974) recommendations led to the Desert Development Programme (DDP) in 1977-78. Arid deserts receive less than 25 cm of rain annually. Deserts in India include cold and hot deserts with limited flora, low rainfall, humidity, and severe temperatures. Ladakh, Lahaul, and Spiti districts of Himanchal Pradesh have cold deserts, while western Rajasthan, Gujrat, and Haryana have hot deserts. Such areas have a particular DDP programme . DDP aims to control desertification and increase production through irrigation, afforestation, soil and water conservation, dry land agriculture, groundwater development, livestock development, and human resources development. Consider land, people, and livelihood while developing degraded land in watersheds. It also encourages local community participation to promote socio-economic development, minimise drought-affected areas' negative effects, prevent livelihood loss, manage livestock, and restore ecological balance. Initial implementation was isolated, but the watershed technique was gradually embraced. In the watershed development programme since 1995. Seven states have 1747 watershed projects in various phases. Initial funding was 75:25 between the centre and state, but now it's 100% central. At least 75% of the funds are for desertification-fighting activities. DDP was implemented sectorally , with maximum weights given to afforestation and posture development (40%), water resources development (20%), etc. Fund allocation is Rs. 24 lakh per 1000 sq. km. with a ceiling of Rs. 5000 lakh per district. For the cold desert, Himachal Pradesh received Rs.100 lakh per district and Jammu and Kashmir Rs.150 lakh. Participation of weaker groups, voluntary organisation , asset development, and a single monitoring and evaluation strategy were also suggested. DDP covers 45.8 million hectares in 235 blocks, 40 districts, and 7 States. Also included are Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu & Kashmir. The watershed method is important to DDP deployment. The resources inventory is the most significant step before implementation since it identifies area-specific issues. Since 1995-96, DDP has targeted only 5% of the country, so there is still a long way to go. Finally, this programme was launched to manage desertification, ameliorate drought-prone areas, restore ecological balance, and increase land, water, livestock, and human resource output. At least 75% of granted money have been used to fight desertification.

14. 6)Border Area Development Programme (BADP) Border Area Development Programme was launched under the Seventh Five Year Plan to balance development of the vulnerable western border. Rs. 200 crore was spent. This programme emphasised infrastructure and local security. This scheme initially included Punjab, Rajasthan, and Gujarat, then Jammu and Kashmir. In 1986-87, the Ministry of Home Affairs launched schemes. The programme shifted to developing human resources, particularly school education-technical and vocational in bordering community development blocks. The programme includes photo ID cards for target region residents, education, irrigation, and socio-economic development research. Annual expenditures were Rs. 85 crore in 1990-91 and 1991-92. The Eighth Plan included the Eastern region and reviewed international boundary issues, not general development projects. This programme received Rs. 640 crore in the Eighth plan. Later, education, health, agriculture, and other socio-economic areas were included to the programme . The eighth five-year plan covered Eastern States bordering Bangladesh. Panchayati Raj Institutions, Autonomous Councils, and local bodies implemented BADP participative and decentralizedly . According to new BADP standards from February 2009, 362 border blocks along the international boundary fall under 96 border districts of 17 States.

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