SPECIES-DIVERSITY-G2.pdf PEOPLE AND EARTH ECOSYSTEM

PPT in SPECIES DIVERSITY

1. SPECIESSPECIES
DIVERSITYDIVERSITY
GROUP 2

2. SPECIES
RICHNESS
-refers to the variety and
abundance of different
species within a particular
area or ecosystem. It
encompasses two main
components: Species
richness and Species
evenness.
SPECIES
DIVERSITY
SPECIES
EVENNESS
-measures how
evenly the
individuals of
each species are
distributed.
-is the count
of different
species present
in a given
area.

3. A species-rich ecosystem is a place where many
different types of plants, animals, and tiny
organisms live together. These ecosystems have high
biodiversity, meaning all the living things work
together to keep nature balanced and healthy.
What is a Species-Rich
Ecosystem?

4. Rainforests - have many trees, plants and
animals, creating a balanced ecosystem.
Coral Reefs - have many types of fish and sea
creatures that depend on each other for food and
protection.
Grasslands - home to plant-eating animals and
their predators, keeping the ecosystem in balance.
EXAMPLES

5. A productive ecosystem produces a lot of food, oxygen
and energy, helping plants and animals grow fast.
Why Are Species-Rich Ecosystems
More Productive?

6. A sustainable ecosystem can continue to exist and
function well for a long time. If one species disappears,
the system can still survive because other species can
take over it’s role.
Why Are Species-Rich Ecosystems
More Sustainable?

7. PRODUCTIVITY
Grassland – Provides food for many herbivores like zebras, deer and
bison, which helps the food chain grow.
River – Supplies water and supports fish, birds, and plants that grow
and reproduce quickly.
SUSTAINABILITY
Desert – Even with little rain, cacti, foxes, and reptiles survive by
storing water and adapting to the harsh environment.
Tundra – Even in extreme cold, animals like reindeer and wolves help
maintain balance by adapting to limited food sources.

8. Ecological niche
The role of an organism in its particular system.
Joseph grinne l(1917)- stated that niche as an ultimate distributional unit
, within which organism is held by its instinctive and structural limitations.
He also stated that no two species can inhabit the same niche for a long
time.
Charles Sutherland Elton(1927) - referred to niche as a place of an
animal in a biotic environment pertaining to its relation with food and
predators.
G. Evelyn Hutchinson (1957) - defined the niche of a species as an n-
dimensional hypervolume or hyperspace of environmental variables.
History

9. HABITAT VS. NICHE
MICRO-HABITAT
is a single phrase that
signifies an area in which
an organism grows and
lives along with its abiotic
factors. Examples include
marine habitats, forest
habitats, coastal habitats,
etc.
HABITAT
ECOLOGICAL
NICHE
The ecological niche is an
inclusive term that
involves not only the
physical space occupied by
an organism but also its
functional role in the
community. It describes
an organism’s response
to the distribution of food
and competitors.
Every habitat comprises
several microhabitats
that subtly differ with
respect to temperature,
light, humidity and
other factors.

11. TYPE OF ECOLOGICAL NICHE
TROPHIC NICHEHABITAT OR SPATIAL
NICHE
HYPERVOLUME NICHE
This pertains to the physical
space inhabited by an
organism.
Example: A FOREST AND
SQUIRREL
In the case of trophic niche,
two species occupy the same
habitat but have different
functional roles or trophic
positions.
This concept is based on the
various environmental factors
to which organisms of a
population are uniquely
adapted.

12. Segregation of niches is vital for the survival of an
organism. This will reduce competition and will save a lot
of time and energy. In general, niche favors species that
are more adapted to the microenvironment than the other
organisms. Thus, other species can inhabit elsewhere where
there is no or less competition. Segregation also avoids
conflict and confusion in activities between the organisms
and paves the way for an orderly and efficient life cycle.
SEGREGATION OF
ECOLOGICAL NICHE

13. Invasive Species
An invasive species is an introduced, nonnative organism (disease, parasite,
plant, or animal) that begins to spread or expand its range from the site of its
original introduction and that has the potential to cause harm to the environment,
the economy, or to human health.
Impact of invasive species
Invasive species can adversely affect habitats and bioregions,
causing ecological, environmental, and/or economic damage.

14. Cane toad: A poisonous species that
was introduced to Australia in the
1930s to control beetles on
sugarcane plantations.
Examples of invasive species:
Common myna: An invasive species
that was deliberately introduced to
control agricultural insect pests in
many countries.

15. KEYSTONE & FOUNDATION SPECIES
KEYSTONE SPECIES
-THESE SPECIES HAVE A
DISPROPORTIONATELY
LARGE IMPACT ON THEIR
ECOSYSTEM RELATIVE TO
THEIR ABUNDANCE. THEY
HELP MAINTAIN
BIODIVERSITY AND
ECOSYSTEM STABILITY. IF
REMOVED, THE ECOSYSTEM
COULD COLLAPSE OR
DRASTICALLY CHANGE.
EXAMPLE OF KEYSTONE
SEA OTTERS (MARINE
ECOSYSTEM) – THEY
CONTROL SEA URCHIN
POPULATIONS,
PREVENTING THEM FROM
OVERGRAZING KELP
FORESTS, WHICH PROVIDE
HABITAT FOR MANY
MARINE SPECIES

16. KEYSTONE & FOUNDATION SPECIES
FOUNDATION SPECIES
-THESE ARE SPECIES THAT
FORM THE STRUCTURAL
BASE OF AN ECOSYSTEM
BY CREATING AND
MODIFYING HABITATS.
THEY USUALLY HAVE A
HIGH BIOMASS AND
PROVIDE SHELTER, FOOD,
OR STABILITY FOR OTHER
ORGANISMS.
EXAMPLE OF FOUNDATION
CORAL REEFS- ARE
COMPLEX STRUCTURES
FORMED BY CORALS,
PROVIDING HABITATS FOR
A WIDE ARRAY OF MARINE
LIFE

17. THE IMPORTANCE
KEYSTONE SPECIES
-STRONGLY AFFECT THE
COMPOSITION OF
COMMUNITIES IN AN
ECOSYSTEM.
FOUNDATION SPECIES
-PHYSICALLY MODIFY THE
ENVIRONMENT PRODUCE
AND MAINTAIN HABITATS
THAT BENEFIT OTHER
ORGANISMS

18. THANK YOU!