Species interaction between organism.

Species interaction

1. By: Zeinab M. Klaab Submitted to: Dr. Mai Elobeid Species interaction

2. 2- Types of Species interactions 1-Introduction

3. Types of Species interactions Neutralism Competition Amensalism symbiotic relationships Antagonism

4. Introduction In ecology , a biological interaction is the effect that a pair of organisms living together in a community have on each other .

5. Ecologists examine how Different types of interspecific interactions have different effects on survival and reproduction the two participants . Introduction

6. Types of Species interactions There are five major types of species interaction Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism Predation Herbivory

7. Effect on Species 2 Effect on Species 1 Types of Species interactions Neutralism - - Competition + - Amensalism + Commensalism + + Mutualism + - Predation + - Parasitism + - Herbivory

8. 1- Neutralism (0/0) Neutralism the most common type of interspecific interaction. Neutralism, meaning two different types which they don’t affect each other positively neither negatively. Example: the tarantulas living in a desert and the cacti living in a desert.

9. 1- Neutralism (0/0)

10. 2- Competition (-/-) Competition occurs when organisms in the same community require the same limiting resource . This resource may be prey, water, light, nutrients, etc . Competition among members of the same species is intraspecific . Competition among individuals of different species is interspecific .

11. Interspecific Competition Intraspecific Competition

12. Factors that can make a species strong competitive are: 1- Aggression behavioral where one species remove the other. 2- High production rate. 3- Disease tolerance. 4- Big success in finding food, home and mating. 5- More ability in using working relations. 2- Competition (-/-)

13. “ Styles”of Competition

14. 1- Interference competition Occurs when individuals interfere of others with the foraging, survival, or reproduction . Male-male competition in red deer during mating is an example of interference competition within a species “ Styles”of Competition

15. 2- Exploitation competition Occurs when individuals use the same limiting resource, thus depleting the amount available to others. The older, taller trees create a shade effectively absorbing the available light. Thus, the younger, smaller trees do not have access to that resource and are less likely to survive. “ Styles”of Competition

16. Resource Dividing Competition may cause the exclusion of one species, but does not always. They may coexist , with a decrease in their potential for growth . For this to occur, they must division the resource through different ways: 1. Use only portions of resources 2- Use at different times 3. Use in different ways For example: Some birds eat the same insects, but look for them in different places .

17. 3- Amensalism (-/0) Ammensalism : I s the ecological interaction in which an individual species harms another without obtaining benefit . Example of Ammensalism : Algal blooms can lead to the death of many species of fish and other animals, however the algae do not benefit from the deaths of these individuals.

18. 4-Symbiotic relationships Symbiosis : “ Sym ” means together – “Bio” means life, Symbiosis means “living together” and describes the close relationships developed between species . Symbiotic relationships will always benefit at least one organism involved.

19. A- Commensalism (+/0) Com men salism: Is an interspecific interaction where one species benefits and the other is unaffected. Commensalisms found everywhere in nature: birds nesting in trees are commensal. Examples of Commensalism Ant colonies harbor rove beetles as commensals. These beetles mimic the ants behavior, and pass as ants. They eat detritus and dead ants .

20. B- Mutualism (+/+) Mutualism is a type of symbiosis describes any relationship between two organisms or more (a host and a symbiont) where both benefit in some way . Mutualisms are widespread in nature, and occur among many different types of organisms . There are two main types of mutualistic relationships: Obligate mutualism Facultative mutualism.

21. Obligate mutualism In obligate mutualism, one organism cannot survive without the other. An example of obligate mutualism is the relationship between ants and the Acacia plant . The plant provides food for the ant, as well as shelter. In return, the ants defend the plant from other herbivores

22. Facultative mutualism In facultative mutualism, each organism can survive independently , but it benefits both to remain together. An example of facultative mutualism: Plants and their pollinators . Pollinators feed on the plants and pollen gets stuck to them. Pollen is deposited on the next plant, allowing the plants to reproduce sexually.

23. C- Parasitism (- /+) The relationship between the parasite and the host causing it some harm , but do not usually kill hosts.. Parasitism is thought to be the most com mon way of life Kinds of Parasitism b ased on place of presence of parasite : Ectoparasites : Parasites that live on the surface of the host (e.g. some mites). Endoparasite : live inside the host (e.g. all parasitic worms )

24. 5- Antagonism (+/-) I n antagonistic interaction one species benefits at the expense of another. One way of understanding the diversity of antagonistic interactions is through the kinds of hosts or prey that species attack. Carnivores attack animals , herbivores attack plants, and fungivores attack fungi. Other species are omnivorous attacking a wide range of plants, animals, and fungi.

25. Antagonism Herbivory Predation

26. Predation Predation is a biological interaction where a predator (an organism, often an animal) kills and eats its prey (another organism). Predators are often highly specialized for hunting. Predators tend to be larger than their prey, and consume many prey during their lifetimes.

27. Camouflage It helps animals hide from predators and catch prey This built-in protection is key to surviving in the wild.

28. Herbivory Herbivores are animals that eat plants. This interaction may resemble predation, or parasitism. As in predator-prey interactions, this interaction drives adaptations in both the herbivore and the plant species it eats. For example , to reduce the damage done by herbivores, plants have evolved defenses , including thorns and chemicals such as nicotine and cocaine.