Specifications of steel

Specifications of steel

1. S T E E L

2. Steel is essentially a combination of iron and carbon . Carbon content of common grades ranges from a few hundredths to about one per cent . Steels also contain varying amounts of other elements, principally manganese, phosphorus, sulfur , and silicon , which are always present if only in trace amounts. These and some 20 other alloying elements , which are added in various combinations as desired, determine the ultimate properties and characteristics of the particular steel to a great extent .

3. CLASSIFICATION OF METALS

4. CLASSIFICATION OF FERROUS METALS

5. Low Alloy (<10 wt %) Low Carbon (<0.25 wt % C) Medium Carbon (0.25 to 0.60 wt %) High Carbon (0.6 to 1.4 wt %) LOW CARBON STEEL A.k.a Plain carbon steels, ordinary steels, or straight carbon steels small amounts of Mn Most abundant grade of steel greatest quantity produced least expensive. High Strength Not responsive to heat treatment; cold working needed to improve the strength. Good Weldability and machinability High Alloy Stainless Steel (>11 wt % Cr) Tool Steel

6. EFFECTS OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS ON STEEL ELEMENT BENEFITS MANGANESE STRENGTH & HARDNESS DECREASE DUCTILITY & WELDABILITY PHOSPHORUS STRENGTH & HARDNESS DECREASE DUCTILITY TOUGHNESS OF STEEL SULPHUR DECREASE DUCTILITY & WELDABILITY TOUGHNESS OF STEEL SILICON PRINCIPAL DEOXIDIZER IMPROVES SURFACE QUALITY COPPER CORROSION RESISTANCE[Cu>0.20%] NICKEL HARDENABILITY & STRENGTH FERRITE STRENGTHENER MOLYBDENUM ENHANCES CREEP RESISTANCE OF LOW ALLOY STEEL

7. Phosphorus- 0.04% (max) Silicon- 0.35% Chromium- 3.99% Boron- 0.005% Lead- 0.15-0.35% Nitrogen- 0.004% Aluminium- 0.95-1.3% PERCENTAGE OF CONSTITUENTS IN STEEL

8. Type of Structural Steels according to chemical composition Carbon-manganese steels A.k.a mild structural steel primary chemical components : carbon+iron+manganese least expensive quite adequate strength and ductility most widely used grades . High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels recent development in steelmaking The higher strength achieved by adding small amounts of additional chemical elements High-strength quenched and tempered alloy steels the increase in strength is achieved through heat treatment is available only in plate form, up to 6 inches thick .

9. MAKING OF STEEL

10. OPEN-HEARTH FURNACE : Furnace capacities range from 100 to 500 tons per melt . require 4 to 10 hours of furnace time.

11. BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE:

12. Iron ore fluxes coal Blast furnace LD1 LD2 Slab caster Wire mill slabs slabs Cold roll coils Cold roll mill Sinter plant Coke plant Steel making LD1/LD2 Iron making process Hot strip mill Hot roll coils Merchant mill

13. MAKING OF GALVANISED SHEETS

14. Steel Finishing : Hot working

15. MATERIALS AND THEIR SIZES AVAILABLE IN MARKET

16. IS 808 : Nominal dimensions and mass of beam, column, channel and equal and unequal angles can be confirmed to the standard values given.

17. India is the world's largest producer of crude steel, and is currently doubling its production capacity. STEEL MANUFACTURING COMPANIES IN INDIA

18. REFERENCES < http://www.kinnaristeel.com/seamless-pipes> Indian steel prices [online]<http://www.meps.co.uk/indiansteelpriceindex> Properties and applications of materials handbook [online] http://nptel.ac.in/courses Steel as a construction material pdf CPWD for steel [online] http://cpwd.gov.in/Publication/Specs2009 chemical composition of structural steel handbook https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S03/is.808.1989.pdf Carbon steel pdf [online]< https://www.metabunk.org > <https ://www.google.co.in/steelmakingtatasteel>

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