Speech Articulatory System and their structure and function

Details of articulatory system and their function

1. ARTICULATORY SYSTEM ARTICULATORY SYSTEM

2. ARTICULATORY SYSTEMARTICULATORY SYSTEM
 Adjustment of the shape & therefore the
acoustical properties of the vocal tract are known
as articulation.
 And the structures which mediate these
adjustments are called the
articulators.Articulatory may generate speech
sounds.

3. •The articulatory mechanisms consists of a
supportive frame work and a muscular
system.
•The supportive frame work is formed primary
by facial skeletal the lower jaw and mandible

4. ORAGANS OF ARTICULATIONORAGANS OF ARTICULATION
1.Mandible
2.Maxillae
3.Lips
4.Cheeks
5.Teeth
6.Tongue
7.Soft palate
8.Hard palate
9.Alveolar arch

5. SKELETAL FRAME WORK OF ARTICULATORY SKELETAL FRAME WORK OF ARTICULATORY
SYSTEMSYSTEM
1.Mandible :
•The mandible is regarded as a single.
•The mandible appears to be U-shaped.
• Articulatory function= mandible is a large,
dense & extremely strong bone.
- Its major contribution to speech production
is probably that it houses the lower teeth &
forms the points attachment for much of
tongue & other musculature.

6. 2. Maxillae :
•The maxillae are the largest bone of the
face.
•The maxillae is paired bone.
•Each bone consist of a body .roughly
pyramidle in shape & the zygo mate ,
frontal, alveolar & palatine process.
•The body of maxillae is tetrahydral, it
present four inspection : The anterior ,
posterior ( intratemporal ), superior (orbital),
medial ( nasal ) surfaces.

7. •Maxillae form of entire upper jaw and
contribute to the formation of the root of the
mouth. The floor & lateral walls of the nasal
cavity and the floor of the orbital cavity , play
in important role in speech production.

8. SINUSES
•Many of the skull bones are hollow shells.
•They contain sinuses , which are air filled spaces .
•Four pairs of accessory sinuses drain into the nasal cavities so
according to their location they are called parce nasal sinuses
they are :
1. Frontal sinuses
2. Maxillary sinuses
3. Sphenoid sinuses
4. Ethmoid sinuses

9. 1.Frontal Sinuses :
•They are located within frontal lobe.
•The frontal sinuses are paired.
•They are triangular or irregular in shape.
•Absent at birth, their full size only after puberty.
2.Maxillary Sinuses :
•Within the body of maxilla & paired sinuses
•Largest of Para nasal sinuses & pyramidle in shape.
•They are present at birth.

10. 3. Sphenoid Sinuses :
•In the body of sphenoid bone & not present at
birth .
•They are contain two sphenoid sinuses .
•Irregular in shape.
4. Ethmoid Sinuses :
•These sinuses , which are present at a birth .

11. Function of the Sinuses :
•Air sirius add resonance to the voice.
•Make the skull lighter.
•The voice quality is affected when the sinuses
are infected.

12. 3. The Cheeks :
•The cheeks are composed externally of skin
& internally of the mucous membrane ,
between which found facial muscles , the
muscles of mastication , glandular tissue &
pad of fest.
•The mucous membrane of the cheek blends
in to the gingivae of mandible & maxillae &
continuous with the mucosa of soft palate.

13. • The Palate :
•The contribution of the palate to speech
production may be stated quite simply.
•It modifies the degree of coping between the
nasopharynx & the remainder of the vocal
tract.
•It consist of a fixed bony palate in front & a
muscular valve behind.

14. •It described as consisting of three part :
1. Alveolar arch
2. Hard palate
3. Soft palate
4. Hard Palate :
•The hard palate is formed by the medial
projection of palatine process of maxillae.
covered by mucous membrane.

15. •Situation :
- Anterior ¾ of the roof of the mouth & floor
of the nasal cavity.
•Anatomical feature :
• Anterior surface : palatine process are
thicker they blood with the alveolar arch then
behind.
• Posterior surface : The palatine processes
articulate with the horizontal palate of the
paired palatine bones.

16. - They comprise the posterior ¼ of the hard
palate.
- The posterior border of the horizontal
palates are free & are continued back at the
midline to form the posterior nasal spine.

17. Anomalies of hard palate :
•Exostosis :
- The middle ridge may consist of thickened
periosteum & mucous membrane , but more
of it is the result often an Exostosis or (bony
out growth) along the site of the inter
maxillary suture.
•Cleft of the palate:
•The cleft in the alveolar ridge. They may be
unilateral & affect only the left or only the
right side or they may be bilateral & affect the
both side.

18. The soft palate:
•Soft palate is the roof of the oral cavity &
oropharynx posterior 1/3 of the palate hang
as a musculo – membrane certain between
oro & nasopharynx .
•situation: between oropharynx &
nasopharynx.
•Shape: quadrilateral

19. •Anatomical feature:
a)Two surface : anterior & posterior
b)Four border : superior , inferior & two lateral
•Anterior surface :
-It is concave & present medial furrow
-It is directed downward & forward
-When soft palate is elevated it is directed
downward
-It is lined by mucous membrane consist of
stratified squamous epithelium non-cornified.

20. •Posterior surface :
-It is convey being directed upward &
backward but when it is elevated the
posterior surface looks upward. It is lined by
mucous membrane consist of pseudo
stratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

21. •Superior border : attach to the posterior
border of hard palate.
•Inferior border : at the there is conical
projection called uvula , which is formed by
the muscular uvulae . Uvula extends down &
made two fold as follows :

22. -Palatopharyngeal arch : this is mucous fold
containing Palatopharyngeal muscle.
-Palatoglossal arch : this is the mucous fold
containing the palatoglossal muscle , below it
is attached to the side of the tongue , at the
lateral end of the sulcus terminals.

23. Histology:
•The arrangement from nasal to the oral side is
a follows :
1) Mucous membrane : by the nasal side it is
lined by pseudo stratified ciliated columar
epithelium .
2) Connective tissue layer : consist of layer of c-
tissue containing palatine glands.

24. 3) Muscular layer :
a) anterior fasciculus of Palatopharyngeal.
b) levator palatine.
c) posterior trasciculus of Palatopharyngeal.
4) Palatine apponeurosis : from the main
framework of the soft palate.
5) Palato glossus : by the oral side it is formed by
the palato-glossus muscles.

25. 6) Connective tissue layer : lined by the non-
cornified stratified squamous epithelium.
7) Mucous membrane :
8) Tensor palatine :
9) Muscular uvuli :

26. Blood supply :
•Arterial supply : by the following arteries :
1.Greater palatine artery
2.Ascending palatine branch of facial artery
3.Palatine branch of ascending pharyngeal
artery

27. •Venous drainage : into the tonsillor &
pterygoid venous plexus.
•Nerve supply :
- Motor supply : all muscle of palate are supplied
by cranial root of accessory nerve through
pharyngeal plexus except the tensor palatine
muscles which are supplied by mandibular
nerve.
- Sensory supply : by glossopharyngeal & tensor
palatine nerve.

28. •Function of Soft palate :
•As the soft palate is raised or lowered , it
modifies the general configuration &
consequently the resonant characteristics of
the vocal tract.
•In the production of the various sound . The
palate is lowered thus adding length &
complexity to the vocali.

29. •A closer look at the anatomy of the soft palate
ought to put us in a better position to
appreciate its capability & contributions to the
production of speech.
•Muscles of soft palate :
- Arrangement of muscle fibers in the soft palate
is such that it may be elevated , lowered.

30. •Five muscles are responsible for the mobility
of the soft palate
1)Palato glossus –depressor relaxer
2)Palato pharyngeus-depressor relaxer
3)Levator palate-soft palate devator
4)Uvalar-soft palate devator
5)Tensor palate-depressor tensor

31. 1) The Palato glossus (glosso palatinus): it is
called extrinsic muscle of the tongue.
-Origin : from the lower surface of the palatine
apponeurosis where it is continuous with the
muscle from the opposite side .
-Insertion : the fibers pass down , forward &
laterally & insert into the side of the tongue
where they blends with the longitudinal fibers
in the dorsum.

32. •Function :
-It may depress the tongue soft palate or with
the soft palate fixed .
-It may raised the side & back of the tongue .

33. 2) Palato pharyngeus ( pharyngo palatine )
-Origin :From soft palate . It is long fleshy
bundle.
-Insertions : Into the mucous membrane of the
lateral wall of the pharynx , while the anterior
most of the fibers may attach to the posterior
border & superior form of the thyroid
cartilage.

34. - Function : Guide , the bolus of food into the
lower pharynx during deglutination.
- Decrease the distance between the Palato
pharyngeal arches.
- Quite vigrous during swallowing & gagging.
- Elevation of the larynx often occurs during
phonation of the extreme high end of the
pitch range.

35. 3). The levator palati (Levator veli palatini):
The bulk of the soft palate is formed by the
levator palati muscle.
- Origin :Arising from the apex of the petrous
portion of the temporal bone & from the
postero medial plate of the cartilaginous from
work of Eustachian tube.
- Insertion :It is cylindrical muscles curse down
ward medially & forward to insert into the soft
palate.

36. •Function : raise the vertical position of the soft
palate into a horizontal position & to stretch
the palate slightly backward.

37. 4). Muscular Uvulae ( Azyas Uvulae ) :
The uvular muscle is often regarded as a
paired muscle , although anatomy texts
may describe it as unpaired.
- Origin : it arises from the nasal spines of the
palatine bones & from the adjacent palatine
apponeurosis.
- Insertion : it courses Posteriorly the length of
the soft palate & insert into the uvula , a
midline pendulous structure of soft palate.

38. Function:
•It may function as an important articulator in
some language although it seems to play no
particular rule in English language.

39. Lips:
•The lips are fleshy folds surrounding the opening of
the mouth .
•Lips are covered externally by skin and internally by
mucous membrane.
•Each lips are composed of :-
a)Skin
b)The orbicularis oris muscle
c) super facial fascia
d)The sub mucosa
e)Mucous membrane

40. Structure of the lips:
•Upper lips.
•Lower lips.
•Vermilion zone.
•Tubercle.
•Philtrum.
•Schematic of angular [ A].
•Vertical [V]

41. •Transverse [T]
•Parallel [P]
•Muscle that insert into the lips.
•The modiolus is indicated by the heavy circle,
just lateral to the mouth angle.

42. Function of Lips
1.Primary function :-
-During chewing, contraction of the
buccinator muscles in the cheeks and
orbicularis oris muscle in the lips helps keep
food between the upper & lower teeth.
-Facial expression insert into the lips.
-The mandibular movements are dependant
upon lower lip’s movement.

43. 2. Secondary function :
- The orbicularis oris muscles also arrist in speech.
-The lips can be compressed to produced bilabials
consonant such as [p] , [b] and [m].
-The production of labial consonants such as [hw] and
[w] , the lips provide major contraction but do not
stop the flow of air.
-Labiodentals such as [F] and [V] are formed by a
construction of the upper incisors and lower lips.

44. THE TEETH
THE teeth has biological as well as some of the
non-biological function:
•Biological function:
1.Biologically the teeth are seen to be
precursors of the digestive process.

45. •Incisors are chisel-shaped with a shurp cotling
edge suited for biting or tearing food.
•Canine teeth are best for ripping & tearing.
•The molar teeth with their flat ,broad surfaces
are well adapted crushing & grinding.

46. •Speech Function of teeth:
•The jaws & teeth ,which comprise almost 2/3 of the
face are important determinants of the
characteristics of the structure (murtan,1969)
•The teeth & their supporting structure are important
for normal speech production.
•They are directly involved in the production of
dental & labiodental consonant.
•Tongue makes contact with the teeth during the
production of many other sound like quite
appropriately ,linguvelar ,linguapalatal &
linguaalvcolar.ss