Spirulina ppt

This presentation provides knowledge about spirulina, Its description, collection & cultivation,Chemical constituents, Microscopic View, Uses.

1. PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY

2. PHARMACOGNOSY OF SPIRULINA PRESENTED BY, **K.MEGHANA** *III RD B.PHARM * *KKCP*

3. ABOUT SPIRULINA Spirulina ( Arthrospira Platensis ) is a unique freshwater plant. They are formed by a single cell capable of producing organic matter through  photosynthesis  and assembled in the form of filaments that makes them look like algae (hence they are also known as blue algae), although they are actually bacteria. It is the most nutritionally concentrated compact whole food known to humankind, which can drastically lower the chances of developing cancer, heart disease, or stroke, or of contracting a life threatening virus such as HIV. .

4. CONTINUATION…… Spirulina is about sixty percent complete, highly digestible protein with very high “protein efficiency ratio.” It grows naturally in alkaline waters of lakes which ensure crop hygiene.

5. SYNONYM : Blue green algae ( cyanobacteria ), சுரூள் பாசி . BIOLOGICAL SOURCE :   It consists of the dried biomass of the cyanobacterium Arthrospira . Arthrospira are filamentous microscopic blue-green algae or cyanobacteria that occur abundantly in an almost uni -algal form in highly alkaline lakes with high pH. The most used are Arthrospira maxima and  Arthrospira plaetensis .

6. GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE: This microscopic organism live in fresh water lakes and ponds. Species of  Arthrospira  have been isolated from alkaline brackish and saline waters in tropical and subtropical regions. A. plaetensis  is the most widely distributed and is mainly found in Africa, Asia.  A. maxima  is found in California and Mexico.

7. DESCRIPTION: Color : Dark green Smell : Seaweed smell Consistency: Fine powder (40 mesh)

8. NATURAL SPIRULINA

9. COLLECTION AND CULTIVATION

10. Suitable area : " Spirulina grows well in regions having temperature between 25 and 35 degrees Celsius. It can be grown in cement or plastic tanks with preferable dimension of about 10 x 5x 1.5 feet. About 1000 lts of water must be filled in the tank to a height of about one to two feet . About 1 kg of spirulina mother culture should be released into the tank along with 8g of sodium bi carbonate, 5g of sodium chloride,0.2 g of urea, 0.5 g of potassium sulphate, 0.16 g of magnesium sulphate, 0.052 ml of phosphoric acid and 0.05ml of ferrous sulphate (all measurements for one litre of water). The water should be agitated every day for a week using a long stick for half an hour.

11. Harvest time After 10 days spirulina is ready for harvest. The algae can be harvested using small plastic buckets and poured into a mounted filter, which drains the excess water. The drained spirulina is then wrapped in clean muslin cloth and pressed under a weight of 50 kg to further drain the moisture. It is then put in small machines (used in noodle manufacturing) and squeezed in the form of noodles on a dry, clean cloth under the sun. It is then allowed to dry for 2-3 hours after which it is ground in a machine (similar to a flour machine) and the powder is sent to the lab for testing. It is then packed in small airtight plastic covers, and is ready for consumption.

12. DIAGRAMATIC REPRESENTATION OF PROCESSING OF SPIRULINA

13. SPIRULINA YIELD: In total of 15 tanks ,in a day we can harvest about 1 kg of spirulina from each tank. One kg of dry spirulina powder is being sold at Rs. 1,000 in the market.

14. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS Proteins (until a 70%) Carbohydrates  (50 -70%). Mainly  glucose , galactose , mannose and ribose. Pigments:  Betacarotene  ( provitamin A) , xanthophylls, zeaxanthin , beta- cryptoxanthin , etc. Vitamins:  (10%) Mainly  vitamin D ,  vitamin C  and  vitamins of group B  ( Vitamin B12 ,  folic acid ,  niacin ,  riboflavin ) Fiber  (5%), especially  mucilage. Chlorophyll Enzymes

15. CONTINUATION…… Fats . Mainly essential fatty acids. (Gamma- linolenic acid -  Omega 6 ) Minerals : Especially  iron  and iodine, along with  calcium ,  phosphorus ,  magnesium , manganese,  copper , zinc and  selenium .

16. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF LIVE SPIRULINA The filaments are 0.3 – 1.0 mm in length. The filaments are coiled or helical for the most part though there could be straight forms at times. The filaments are made up of many cells with clear and visible transverse cross walls. The cells making the filaments are shorter than broad. The width varies between 6-12 micrometers. The cells contain gas vacuoles (air sacs). In the living cell these gas vacuoles help the Spirulina to be buoyed up to the surface of the pond to get light. A good test is to place some culture in a test tube and observe the algae after one hour. Most of the cells should be seen at the top of the tube

17. MICROSCOPIC VIEW OF SPIRULINA

18. BIOCHEMICAL EXAMINATION The most telling biochemical marker is the content of Gamma Linolenic Acid (GLA) that is virtually absent in other species of blue-green algae. The blue pigment, phycocyanin can be used to differentiate blue-green algae products from green and other algae like Chlorella, Dunalliela and Hematococcus

19. USES OF SPIRULINA Spirulina supplement are available in form of powder, flakes, capsules and tablets. Source of non-animal protein. Source of vitamins and minerals. Chemo-protective and Anti-cancer. Neuro -protective. Antiviral. Cardio-protective.

20. CONTINUATION…… Immunomodulators . Anti-Inflammatory. Anti-Oxidant. Anti-Obesity.

21. FORMS OF SPIRULINA IN MARKET

22. ********** END OF SLIDES**********

23. THANK YOU 