SSAC 353 Lecture no 3 & 4 Arnon's criterion, role, deficiency, toxicity symptomes of nutrients

Arnon's Criteria for Plant Nutrient Essentiality, Deficiency and toxicity symptoms of Nutrients

1. Dr. Anand B. Jadhav Assistant Professor of SSAC College of Agriculture, Pune

2. In the 19th century, the German scientist Justus von Liebig formulated the “Law of the Minimum,” which states that if one of the essential plant nutrients is deficient, plant growth will be poor even when all other essential nutrients are abundant.

3. Criteria of Essentiality Proposed by Arnon and Stout (1939) Modified by Arnon (1957) 1) 2) 3)

4. It is that part of Nutrient which is actual available to plant and whose variation in soil affects the response of crop in terms of yield Available Nutrient

5. Steenberg effect Yield is severely affected when a nutrient is deficient and when the nutrient deficiency is corrected, growth increases more rapidly than nutrient concentration or Under severe deficiency, rapid increase in yield with added nutrient can cause a small decrease in nutrient concentration this effect is called

6. Essential Nutrients for Plants Chemical Atomic Ionic forms Approximate dry Element symbol weight Absorbed by plants ____ concentration_____ Mccronutrients Nitrogen N 14.01 NO 3 - , NH 4 + 4.0 % Phosphorus P 30.98 PO 4 3- , HPO 4 2- , H 2 PO 4 - 0.5 % Potassium K 39.10 K + 4.0 % Magnesium Mg 24.32 Mg 2+ 0.5 % Sulfur S 32.07 SO 4 2- 0.5 % Calcium Ca 40.08 Ca 2+ 1.0 % Micronutrients Iron Fe 55.85 Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ 200 ppm Manganese Mn 54.94 Mn 2+ 200 ppm Zinc Zn 65.38 Zn 2+ 30 ppm Copper Cu 63.54 Cu 2 + 10 ppm Boron B 10.82 BO 3 2- , B 4 O 7 2- 60 ppm Molybdenum Mo 95.95 MoO 4 2- 2 ppm Chlorine Cl 35.46 Cl - 3000 ppm Essential But Not Applied Carbon C 12.01 CO 2 40 % Hydrogen H 1.01 H 2 O 6 % Oxygen O 16.00 O 2 , H 2 O 40 % ________________________________________________________________ Plant tissues also contain other elements (Na, Se, Co, Si, Rb , Sr, F, I) which are not needed for the normal growth and development.

7. Plant Soil Mobile Immobile Mobile Immobile N B H 3 BO 3 , H 2 BO 3 NH 4 P Ca NO 3 Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ K Cu SO 4 Cu 2+ Mg Fe Cl Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ Cl Mn MoO 4 Mo Zn H 2 PO 4 , HPO 4 S K + Mobility of Nutrients in Plant and Soil Cations Anions Metals Non-metals K, Ca and Mg NO 3 , H 2 PO 4 and SO 4 K, Ca and Mg Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu N, P, S B, MO and Cl Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu

8. Plant Nutrient Deficiency Terminology Burning Severe localized yellowing; scorched appearance. Generalized Symptoms not limited to one area of a plant, but rather spread over the entire plant. Chlorosis General yellowing of the plant tissue; lack of chlorophyll. Necrosis Death of plant tissue; tissue browns and dies. Mobile Able to be moved from one plant part to another. Immobile Not able to be moved from one part of the plant to another. Interveinal Chlorosis Yellowing in between leaf veins, yet veins remain green. Mottling Spotted, irregular, inconsistent pattern. Localized Symptoms limited to one leaf or one section of the leaf or plant. Stunting Decreased growth; shorter height of the affected plants

9. NITROGEN Role or Function Component of chlorophyll, enzyme, amino acids and protein Encourages vegetative growth & deep green colour Enhances plumpness in cereal crops and succulence in crops Role in utilization of carbohydrates Deficiency symptoms General chlorosis of lower leaves (light green to yellow), stunted and slow growth, and necrosis of older leaves in severe cases In cereals, yellow discoloration from the leaf tip backward in the form of a “V” is common Stunted growth/Less vegetative Roots are unable to absorb sufficient N- proteins in the older part get converted & translocated towards top part Toxicity symptoms Higher photosynthetic rate & vigorous vegetative growth Succulence & dark green colour causes disease/ pest succeptibiltiy Delays crop maturity, weakening of fiber, lodging of crops Excess N enhances loss of soil moisture

10. Barley Cucumber Corn Nitrogen Citrus Soybean

11. PHOSPHORUS Role or Function Energy storage & transfer (1 ATP/ADP= 1200 cal/mole) Cell division, cell development, root lengthening, seed and fruit development, early maturity and early ripening Component of nucleic acid, co-enzyme, nucleotides, phospholipids, phosphoproteins & sugar phosphates Phytic acid/ phytin - storage form of P in seeds Deficiency symptoms Older leaves are affected first and acquire a purplish discoloration due to the accumulation of sugars in P deficient plants which favor anthocyanin synthesis; Deficiency first appears on older leaves, retard plant growth, shoot growth is depressed, potato tuber develops rusty lessions Decrease in number of flowers & delays flower initiation & poor earhead formation Dark green leaves (Chlorophyll is high but photosynthetic rate less) Toxicity symptoms Higher P plant have Zn deficiency and Chlorosis

12. Stunted with dark green leaves. Corn lower leaves become reddish-purple Corn leaves are purplish and tips are brown and necrotic. Maize

13. POTASSIUM Role or Function More than 80 plant enzymes requires K for activation Synthesis of ATP, translocation of carbohydrates Synthesis of amino acids, proteins, chlorophyll Enhance resistance against moisture stress by regulating opening & closing of stomata and disease resistance Affects the rate of transpiration & water uptakes, produces strong stiff straw which inhibit lodging in crops. Deficiency symptoms Older leaves pale green & later chlorosis between veins followed by scorching or firing with necrotic tissues along margines . Accumulation of diamine pitrucine in leaves Stunted growth & bushy appearance Yield of root & tuber crops affected severely Lodging, seeds under developed & shriveled, fruit and sugarcane juice quality affected, prone to disease/ pest/ cold suceptibility Toxicity symptoms Excess K induces Mg deficiency

14. Corn older leaves are chlorotic and leaf edges are burned, but the midrib remains green. Banana: Older leaves become chlorotic , then necrotic, and the tip of the midrib bends downward.

15. CALCIUM (IMMOBILE) Role or Function Immobile in plant, Constituent of cell wall, require for cell elongation & division Activation of enzymes, role in structure & permeability of cell memberane Enhance uptake of NO 3 -N, Lower uptake by monocots than dicots Deficiency symptoms Deficiency starts from top (seedling stage), r etard growth of tops & roots, Failure of terminal buds of shoots & apical tips of roots Chromosome abnormality, Die-back of fruit trees, blossom end rot in tomato, bitter pit in apples Toxicity symptoms Iron chlorosis , P- availability reduces.

16. Celery young leaves are necrotic and the growing point dies Tomato young leaves -twisted and cupped Calcium deficient bean leaves have chlorotic and necrotic spots Guava

17. MAGNESIUM (MOBILE) Role or Function Component of chlorophyll (15-20% Mg present in Chlorophyll) Structural component of ribosome- protein synthesis Imparts dark green colour / Photosynthesis/ glycolysis Role in oil seed crops, Helps in transport of P Synthesis of carbohydrates, fats & vitamins Deficiency symptoms Deficiency first appears on older leaves, citrus develops bronzing disease. Interveinal chlorosis (veins remain green), Under severe deficiency causes lower leaves becomes purplish- then turnes red later turns brown & develop necrotic spots (cotton) Brittle leaves & tendency to curve upward Leaves of Mg deficient sugarbeets and potatoes are stiff and brittle and veins are often twisted. Low Mg- forage crops causes hypo- magnesemia (Low Mg in blood) Toxicity symptoms Toxicity occures in alkali soils

18. Mg Deficiency in Turmeric S Deficiency in Turmeric

19. Magnesium deficient tomato; interveinal chlorosis of older leaves. Magnesium deficient sweetpotato leaves become reddish-purple.

20. SULPHUR (IMMOBILE) Role or Function Component of protein (S- containing amino acids cystine , cysteine & methionine ), Requires for chlorophyll synthesis, Important role in oil synthesis Requires for the synthesis of co-enzymes A Involved in synthesis of fatty acids & component of ferridoxin Deficiency symptoms Inhibition of protein and chlorophyll synthesis. S deficiency symptoms resembles with the symptoms of N and Mo deficiencies. In contrast to N or Mo deficiency S deficiency symptoms initially occur in younger leaves, causing them to turn light green to yellow ( chlorosis ) Retards growth, Chlorotic /stunted/thin- stemed & spindly appearance Curling of margines / organge redish tints on older leaves Leaf petioles become brittle stem, spinally appearance Toxicity symptoms

21. Banana; young leaves are uniformly chlorotic Sulfur deficient sorghum; young leaves are uniformly chlorotic . Sulfur deficient tomato; young leaves are uniformly chlorotic .

22. IRON (IMMOBILE) Role or Function Soil critical limit= 4.5 mg kg-1 ( ppm ) Absorbed by plants as Fe 2+ & Fe 3+, activation of enzymes Component of pophyrin , cytochromes , hames , hematin , ferridoxin , ferrichrome and haemoglobim (imp. In photosynthesis & respiration) 75% of Fe is associated with chloroplast, required for synthesis of chlorophyll Important component of nitrogebnase enzyme essential for N 2 fixation Deficiency symptoms Widespread deficiency in Maharashtra Deficiency occurs in young or top part of plant Fe deficiency reduces chlorophyll production and is characterized by interveinal chlorosis with a sharp distinction between veins and chlorotic areas in young leaves Under severe deficiency leaf becomes complete white and plant growth stunted Toxicity symptoms Reduction in growth Browning of leaf blades & roots Bronzing of rice (> 300 ppm Fe)

23. Capsicum Grape Guava Turmeric

24. ZINC (IMMOBILE) Role or Function Soil critical limit is 0.6 mg kg -1 ( ppm ) Involved in many enzymatic activities Zn required for synthesis of tryptophan-amino acid necessary for the synthesis of growth hormone Component of synthetic & natural organic complexes Deficiency symptoms Widespread deficiency in Maharashtra in sugarcane belt . Deficiency appers on top leaves, fruits & branches Reduction of growth hormone causes shortening of internodes/ leaves are smaller than normal- small narrow thickened leaves Light-green-yellow or white areas found between the veins of leaves Bushy or rosette appearance of plant or clustering of leaves, Tissue death, chlorotic leaf areas, Early loss of foliage , White bud in sorghum and corn, little leaf of cotton, mottle leaf in citrus Toxicity symptoms Interveinal chlorosis of young leaves Reddish brown coloration, dry & papery sound Rolling of leaves, roots brown & necrotic

25. Zinc. Midrib and leaf margin remain green and yellowing of leaf blade. Red lesions on leaves. Reduced tillering and shorter internodes

26. MANGANESE (IMMOBILE) Role or Function Immobile Soil critical limit is 0.2 mg kg -1 ( ppm ) and in Plant is 5 ppm Anonymous role like Fe Involvement in photosynthesis for evolution of O 2 Oxidation-reduction reactions and Enzyme activation (citric acid cycle) Mn can substitute for Mg in phsophorylating & group transfer (Electron transport in photosystem ) Manganese helps in chlorophyll formation, Important in nitrogen metabolism Deficiency symptoms Symptoms usually appears on younger leaves, chlorosis between veins Chlorotic patches between veins of middle leaves Chlorotic area becomes necrotic & turns red-brown-reddish brown Gray specks of oat, marsh spots of peas, Speckled yellows of sugar beets, pahala blight of sugarcane , Low Mn favours root-rot disease in wheat. Toxicity symptoms Leaf sheath & lower part of stem of cereals develops minute brown spot Crinkle leaf of cotton in acidic soils Leaf margins turn brown or purple in legumes

27. Turmeric- Mn deficiency

28. COPPER (IMMOBILE) Role or Function Immobile Soil critical limit is 2 mg kg -1 ( ppm ) and in Plant is ppm Important role in enzyme activity accleration Protein & carbohydrate metabolism Helps in utilization of Fe during chlorophyll synthesis Role in synthesis of complex polymers like lignine & melanine . Indirect effect on nodule formation Deficiency symptoms Young leaves become yellow & stunted if under severe deficiency leaves becomes pale & older leaves dieback In advanced deficiency dead tissues appears along tips & edges of the leaves (similar to that of K def.) Ergot infection in wheat & barley is associated with Cu-def. Cauliflower & cabbage shows fine interveinal cholrotic mottling , Legumes & tomato shows rolling & distortion Toxicity symptoms Reduce shoot vigour , poor development of flowers & discoloured root system & leaf chlorosis Mostly occurs due to sewage sludge, muncipal compost, pig & poultry manure application or repeated Cu-pesticide spraying.

29. BORON (IMMOBILE) Role or Function Immobile Soil critical limit is mg kg -1 ( ppm ) and in Plant is ppm Primary role in Ca metabolism (Boron increases the solubility and mobility of Ca in plant) Cell development in meristematic tissue, Proper pllination , fruit & seed set Translocation of sugars, starches, N and P Synthesis of amino acids and proteins, nodule formation, regulation of carbohydrate Pollen germination & pollen tube growth Deficiency symptoms Def. symptoms appears on young, newer or emerging leaves Cessation of terminal bud growth followed by death of young leaves. Thickened, cracked or curled leaves. Twisted leaf appearance, flower & fruit development restricted Sterility & severely impaired seed set. Discolouration , cracking or rotting of fruit, tubers or roots Hollow stem of cabbage, Internal cork of apples, uneven thickness of citrus peel, lumpy fruits, gummy deposits on the fruit , Brown heart of turnip, Potato leaf roll, Citrus hard fruit Toxicity symptoms Marginal tip chlorosis or necrosis of young part, Chlorotic petals and depression of blossom

30. MOLYBDENUM (MOBILE) Role or Function Immobile Soil critical limit is mg kg -1 ( ppm ) and in Plant is ppm Essential component of nitrate reductase enzyme which catlyses the conversion of NO3 to NO 2 Structural component of nitrogenase enzyme involved in N 2 fixation by Azatobactor Role in absorption and translocation of Fe Involvement in protein synthesis Deficiency symptoms Pollen formation disturbs, tasseling delayed flowers & fail to open. Capasity of the anthers for pollen production is also decreased Whiptail of cauliflower ( Brassica ) in which middle leaves starts showing small interveinal chlorotic patches that becomes translucent at later stages. Immature grain sprouting in maize Inward curling of leaves in tomato. Beans develop interveinal chlorosis called Scald of beans In wheat middle leaves turns yellow & turns golden yellow. Yellow spot disease citrus- in which summer flush of leaves become yellow leaving green zone along the margin. Toxicity symptoms Excess Mo toxic to grazing cattles . (High Mo > 5 ppm causes molybdenose ( teart ) ) disorder – bone deformation & stunted growth.

31. Chlorin (MOBILE) Role or Function Immobile Soil critical limit is mg kg -1 ( ppm ) and in Plant is ppm Osmotic regulation & cation neutralization Maintaining leaf turgor Cl act as co-factor in Mn containing O 2 evolution for photosynthesis Cell elongation and stomata opening In absent of Cl photosynthesis rate reduced Deficiency symptoms Wilting of leaves, curling of leaflets & chlorosis Necrosis in some plant parts, leaf bronzing & reduction in root growth Toxicity symptoms Thickened leaves & tend to roll with excessive amount of Cl Storage quality of tubers affected Increases the osmotic pressure of soil water & therby lower the availability of water to plants

32. Nickel (IMMOBILE) .Role or Function Component of urease enzyme which catalyses hydrolysis of urea Nodule weight & seed yield of soybean stimulated by Ni Deficiency symptoms Leaflet tip necrosis in soybean & cowpea due to the role of Ni in N metabolism Toxicity symptoms Excess Ni causes Fe & Zn deficiency & competes with Ca and Mg Beneficial Nutrients 1 Sodium 2 Silicon 3 Cobalt

33. Silicon .Role or Function Cell wall structure. Tissue strengthens, draught resistance Si-reduces activity of invertase in sugarcane which enhance sucrose production, increases erectness in rice Disease suppression in rice Deficiency symptoms Leaves and culms become soft and droopy thus increasing mutual shading reduced photosynthetic activity, Lower or reduced grain yield Sodium .Role or Function Requires for halophytic plants accumulate in vacuole for maintaining turgour Deficiency symptoms

34. First seen : Younger leaves, Signs:  Die back of leaf tips and edges Common:  Not very common, Natural sources : Soil, nickel chelate

35. Rice Inhibition of fungal entry in Rice