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1. Religious Reforms and Public Debates

2. From the early nineteenth century there were debates around religious issues. Some criticized existing practices and campaigned for reform, while others countered the arguments for reformers. These debates were carried out in public through printed tracts, newspapers etc .

3. This was the time of intense controversies between social and religious reformers and the hindu orthodoxy over matters like: Widow immolation Monotheism Brahmanical priesthood

4. In Bengal , as the debate developed, the usage of tracts and newspapers got increased circulating a variety of arguments. To reach a wider audience, the ideas were printed regularly and were printed in the common language spoken by the ordinary people.

5. In 1821 the Bengali weekly newspaper ‘ Sambad kaumudi ’ was published by Raja Ram Mohan Roy. And to counter his ideas the Hindu orthodoxy published the ‘ Samachar Chandrika’. From 1882, two Persian newspapers were published, ‘Jam- i -Jahan Nama’, ‘ Shamsul Akhbar ’ and a Gujurati newspaper the ‘Bombay samachar ’ made its appearance. Sambad kaumudi Jam- i -Jahan Nama