SST PROJECT CLASS 9 HELPING ALL STD.pptx

SST PROJECT CLASS 9 HELPING ALL STUDENTS

1. Akshat Parmar 10th Opal Roll no – 3 TOPIC - monarchy system vs democracy . which is better and How?

2. MONARCHY :- A  monarchy  is a form of government in which a person , the monarch , is head of state for life or until abdication. The political legitimacy and authority of the monarch may vary from restricted and largely symbolic (constitutional monarchy), to fully autocratic (absolute monarchy), and can expand across the domains of the executive, legislative, and judicial The succession of monarchs is in most cases hereditary, often building dynastic periods. However, elective and self-proclaimed monarchies are possible. Aristocrats, though not inherent to monarchies, often serve as the pool of persons to draw the monarch from and fill the constituting institutions i.e. diet and court. giving many monarchies oligarchic elements. Monarchies were the most common form of government until the 20th century , by which time republics had replaced many monarchies. Today forty-three sovereign nations in the world have a monarch, including fifteen Commonwealth realms that share Elizabeth II as their head of state . Other than that there are a range of sub-national monarchical entities. Modern monarchies tend to be constitutional monarchies, retaining under a constitution unique legal and ceremonial roles for the monarch, exercising limited or no political power, similar to heads of state in a parliamentary republic . The optimum example of monarch is Queen Elizabeth II

3. Mainly,there are two types of Monarchy :- 1) Constitutional Monarchy 2)Absolute Monarchy

4. Constitutional Monarchy Constitutional Monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in deciding. Some examples of this type of monarchy are :- Belgium Spain Sweden Netherlands etc. Absolute Monarchy Absolute Monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the monarch rules in their own right. In this kind of monarchy, the king is usually limited by a constitution. Some examples of this type of monarchy are :- Oman Saudi Arabia Vatican city Etc.

5. DEMOCRACY :- Democracy is a form of government in which the people have the authority to deliberate and decide legislation ("direct democracy"), or to choose governing officials to do so ("representative democracy"). Who is considered part of "the people" and how authority is shared among or delegated by the people has changed over time and at different rates in different countries, but over time more and more of a democratic country's inhabitants have generally been included. Cornerstones of democracy include freedom of assembly, association, property rights, freedom of religion and speech, inclusiveness and equality, citizenship, consent of the governed, voting rights, freedom from unwarranted governmental deprivation of the right to life and liberty, and minority rights. The notion of democracy has evolved over time considerably. The original form of democracy was a direct democracy. The most common form of democracy today is a representative democracy, where the people elect government officials to govern on their behalf such as in a parliamentary or presidential democracy.

6. Mainly,there are four types of Democracy….. 1)Direct Democracy. 2)Representative Democracy. 3)Constitutional Democracy. 4)Monitory Democracy .

7. DIRECT DEMOCRACY :- Direct democracy  or  pure democracy  is a form of democracy in which the electorate decides on policy initiatives without elected representatives as proxies. This differs from the majority of currently established democracies, which are representative democracies . The theory and practice of direct democracy and participation as its common characteristic was the core of work of many theorists, philosophers, politicians, and social critics, among whom the most important are Jean Jacques Rousseau, John Stuart Mill, and G.D.H. Cole. The most important historical reference of direct democracy is to assembly democracy in ancient Greek city-states, particularly Athens, where decisions were taken by an Assembly (Ecclesia) of some 1,000 male citizens. Later, people’s assemblies were used in many Swiss cantons and towns as well as in town meetings in some American colonies and states. Early U.S. states also started using procedures in which constitutions or constitutional amendments were ratified by referenda, which later became common in the country. Popular sovereignty, proclaimed in the French Revolution (1787–99), had rather been distorted, however, in Napoleon’s autocratic plebiscites. Switzerland and many U.S. states incorporated direct democracy in their constitutions during the 19th century, while Germany and few other countries adopted some elements after World War I. In a more general perspective, the ensuing introduction or practical use of direct-democratic institutions originated from three major types of developments.

8. REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY :- Representative democracy is a form of democracy in which people vote for representatives who then vote on policy initiatives; as opposed to direct democracy, a form of democracy in which people vote on policy initiatives directly. The Roman Republic was the first known state in the western world to have a representative government, despite taking the form of a direct government in the Roman assemblies. The Roman model of governance would inspire many political thinkers over the centuries, and today's modern representative democracies imitate more the Roman than the Greek model, because it was a state in which supreme power was held by the people and their elected representatives, and which had an elected or nominated leader. A European medieval tradition of selecting representatives from the various estates (classes, but not as we know them today) to advise/control monarchs led to relatively wide familiarity with representative systems inspired by Roman systems. In Britain, Simon de Montfort is remembered as one of the fathers of representative government for holding two famous parliaments.The first, in 1258, stripped the king of unlimited authority and the second, in 1265, included ordinary citizens from the towns. Later, in the 17th century, the Parliament of England pioneered some of the ideas and systems of liberal democracy, culminating in the Glorious Revolution and passage of the Bill of Rights 1689. In 1789, Revolutionary France adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and, although short-lived, the National Convention was elected by all males in 1792. Universal male suffrage was re-established in France in the wake of the French Revolution of 1848.

9. CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY :- In a Constituional democracy  the authority of the majority is limited by legal and institutional means so that the rights of individuals and minorities are respected . This is the form of democracy practiced in Germany, Israel, Japan, the United States, and other countries. Such a system is also referred to as “liberal democracy.” For countries without a strong tradition of democratic majority rule, the introduction of free elections alone has rarely been sufficient to achieve a transition from dictatorship to democracy; a wider shift in the political culture and gradual formation of the institutions of democratic government are needed. There are various examples—for instance, in Latin America—of countries that were able to sustain democracy only temporarily or in a limited fashion until wider cultural changes established the conditions under which democracy could flourish. One of the key aspects of democratic culture is the concept of a "loyal opposition", where political competitors may disagree, but they must tolerate one another and acknowledge the legitimate and important roles that each play. This is an especially difficult cultural shift to achieve in nations where transitions of power have historically taken place through violence. The term means in essence that all sides in a democracy share a common commitment to its basic values. Liberal democracies usually have universal suffrage, granting all adult citizens the right to vote regardless of ethnicity, sex, property ownership, race, age, sexuality, gender, income, social status, or religion. However, historically some countries regarded as liberal democracies have had a more limited franchise.

10. MONITORY DEMOCRACY :- Monitory democracy  is a phase of democracy characterised by instruments of public monitoring and scrutinising of government power. It began following the events of the Second World War. The theory was coined by Australian Professor John Keane. Monitory institutions refer bodies which subject governments to a public mechanism of checks and balances. Under the theory of monitory democracy these institutions extend the notions of representative democracy. The ability to publicly monitor government power enabled through these institutions has the effect of changing the political and geographic dynamics of existing representative democracies. According to Keane, monitory democracy adds to the democratic nature of political representation as it changes the notion from "'one person, one vote, one representative'" [2]  and instead embodies the principles of "one person, many interests, many voices, multiple votes, multiple representatives. A brief list of some monitory bodies include: advisory boards; focus groups; think tanks; democratic audits; consumer organizations; online petitions; summits; websites; unofficial ballots; international criminal courts; global social forums; NGO's and watch-dog and guide-dog organisations .

11. MONARCHY SYSTEM VS DEMOCRACY . WHICH IS BETTER AND HOW? Democracy is the best form of government , as it is the "rule of people". Democracy is better than a monarchy because  it gives the people power to determine how they want to be governed and by whom . A monarchy basically gives power to a single person who rules for his or her entire life before a change of leadership can occur . the words of Abraham Lincoln, democracy is the government of the people, by the people, and for the people.