Stages-of-human-development personal dev

Stages-of-human-development personal dev

1. Stages of human development

2. What is development?

3. Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Theory Erogenous zones or Pleasure areas 5 distinct Stages Fixation – attachment to a particular object or activity and may affect development

4. Psychosexual Development Stage Period Focus Traits Outcomes Oral 1 st year of life Oral Pleasure Smoking, Drinking, Nail biting, gossiping, cursing Desire clinging, dependent relationship Anal 2 nd to 4 th year Anal pleasure release tension through anus Anal Retentive --excessive use of self-control, perfectionist, exaggerated neatness Anal expulsive --carelessness, messiness, even sadism

5. Stage Period Focus Traits Outcomes Phallic 4 th to 6 th year Pleasure through genitals . Oedipus Complex Elektra Complex Latent 7 th year onwards Developing academic and social skills etc. Socialization Genital 12 th year Identity formation Adolescences period Sexual interest awakened

6. Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Social factors Conflict or Crisis

7. PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT Stage Issues Social Conditions Stage 1: Birth to 1 year Trust vs. Mistrust Will I get support for what I need? Provision of basic needs Can I trust the world? Lack of support, inconsistency Stage 2: 2 to 3 years Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Can I already do things on my own? Support, patience Should I depend on others? Stage 3: 4 to 5 years Initiative vs. Guilt Can I be independent? Opportunity, encouragement Am I good? Am I bad? Lack of opportunity, negative feelings

8. STAGE ISSUES SOCIAL CONDITIONS Stage 4: 6 to 11 Years Industry vs. inferiority Do I have the skills to adjust? Good education/good models Am I already competent? Am I worthy or not? Lack of training/direction/support Stage 5: 12 to 18 years Identity vs. Identity Diffusion Who am I? Clear sex models, Should I depend on others? Confusing purpose Stage 6: Early Adulthood Intimacy vs. Isolation Should I get into a relationship? Understanding, trust, acceptance Or should I stay single? Loneliness, exclusion

9. STAGE ISSUES SOCIAL CONDITIONS Stage 7: Middle Adulthood Generativity vs. Stagnation What is my contribution in this world? Productivity, purposefulness Will I produce something valuable or relevant? Lack of opportunity, enrichment Stage 8: Late Adulthood Integrity vs. Despair Have I lived a full life? Sense of closure Am I contented with what I have achieved in life? Lack of completeness

10. Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Development Education as a key element in developing one’s cognitive skills.

11. STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT Stages Period Some Description Sensori -Motor Stage From birth to 2 years Learns through sensory experiences Object Permanence Pre-Operational Stage From 2 to 7 years Symbolic thought Conservation

12. Stages Period Some Description Concrete-Operational Stage 8 to 11 years old More logical and perform simple operation Formal Operational Stage 11 to 15 years Analyze problems Think abstractly

13. Lawrence Kohlberg’s Moral Development Right and wrong Sense of morality Morality – ability to distinguish right from wrong and to behave accordingly.

14. STAGES OF MORAL REASONING LEVEL STAGES ORIENTATION Pre-conventional Level Stage 1: Punishment/Obedience The child obeys to avoid punishment Stage 2: Mutual Benefits Based on what is rewarded Conventional Level Stage 3: Social Approval Based o what others approves or disapproved Stage 4: Law and Order Rules should be followed Post-conventional Level Stage 5: Social Contract Based on law Acts based o what will be good for the majority. Stage 6: universal Principles Based on universal principles. Looks into one’s conscience, justice and seek equality at all cost.

15. Salkind (2004) listed basic assumptions that are commonly shared by behaviorists: Development is an effect of learning. There are different types of learning that contribute to development There are difference in development due to the different set of experiences of individuals Development occurs when existing behaviours are organized. Biological factors set limits on what behaviors can be developed, but the environment shapes the behaviors. Development is not directly related to biologically determined stages.

16. The Period of Adolescence: A General Perspective