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1. CONSTITUTION , STATE AND STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENT

2. Constitution of Pakistan

3. 1. Fundamental Rights and Freedoms: Enumerates the basic rights and freedoms of individuals, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the right to a fair trial. 2 . Directive Principles: Guidelines or principles for the government in shaping policies for the welfare of the people. 3 . Structure of Government: Defines the branches of government (executive, legislative, and judicial). Describes the powers and functions of each branch.

4. 4 .Citizenship: Specifies who qualifies as a citizen and the rights and duties associated with citizenship. 5 . Elections and Political Processes: Outlines the electoral system and the process for selecting representatives and leaders. 6 . Federalism or Unitarism: Specifies the structure of the state, whether it is a federal system with multiple levels of government or a unitary system with a single central authority. 7 . Amendment Process: Describes how the constitution can be amended or revised.

5. 8 . Emergency Powers: Specifies the circumstances under which the government can declare a state of emergency and the powers it can exercise during such periods. 9 . Judicial Review: Establishes the power of the judiciary to review the constitutionality of laws and government actions. 1 . Rule of Law: Emphasizes the supremacy of the constitution and the equality of all individuals before the law. 11. State Religion (if applicable): Indicates if there is an official state religion or a commitment to religious freedom.

6. 12. Constitutional Court: Establishes a court or mechanism to interpret and apply the constitution. 13. International Agreements: Addresses the relationship between international law and domestic law, including how international agreements are incorporated . 14 . Transitional Provisions (if applicable): Contains provisions for the transition from an older system of government to the new one defined by the constitution.

7. 15. Historical Context or Preamble (if applicable): Provides historical context or background explaining why certain provisions are included. 16. Miscellaneous Provisions: Any other specific provisions deemed necessary for the functioning of the government. 17. Ratification and Adoption: Specifies the process by which the constitution is ratified and adopted. 18. Supremacy Clause: Declares the constitution as the supreme law of the land, and all laws and actions must be in conformity with it.

8. State of Government

9. 1. Current State of Government (Condition or Status): The state of a government can vary based on political, economic, social, and international factors. Governments may face challenges such as political instability, corruption, economic difficulties, or public discontent. Stability and effectiveness can be influenced by the government's ability to address the needs of its citizens, maintain law and order, and manage external relations. 2. State Government (Regional Government): In some contexts, "state government" specifically refers to the government of a subnational entity within a federal system (e.g., a U.S. state government or an Indian state government). State governments often have jurisdiction over specific regions and handle matters that are not under the direct control of the central or federal government. They typically have their own constitution, legislature, and executive branch.

10. Structure of Government

11. Executive Branch President: The President is the ceremonial head of state. Elected by an Electoral College consisting of the Senate, National Assembly, and the provincial assemblies. Prime Minister: The head of government and holds the most executive powers. Leads the Cabinet, which is composed of ministers appointed by the Prime Minister. Cabinet: Comprises ministers responsible for different government departments. Decision-making body responsible for formulating and implementing government policies.

12. Legislative Branch Parliament National Assembly: Lower house with members directly elected by the people. Responsible for making laws, approving the budget, and representing the people. Senate: Upper house with members elected by the provincial assemblies. Represents the provinces and provides a check on the National Assembly.

13. Judicial Branch Supreme Court : Highest judicial authority in Pakistan. Chief Justice and other judges appointed by the President. High Courts : Each province has its own high court. Deal with matters within their respective provinces. Lower Courts : Magistrates and other lower courts handle local and district-level cases.