State Water and Sanitation Mission, UP.pdf

State Water and Sanitation Mission, UP

1. Water and Sanitation Support Organization, UP
www.wssoup.org
State Water and Sanitation Mission, UP
www.swsmup.org
Department of Rural Development, UP

2. Health Issues:
Cholera,
Diarrhea,
Dysentery,
Japanese Encephalitis (JE)/
Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES)
and
other water born diseases
& Its primary treatment.

3. Facts:
Availabilityofwater:
•About 97 per cent of earth’s water, unfit for
human consumption.
•Of the remaining 3 per cent, 2.3 per cent is
locked in the polar ice caps and glacier.
•The balance 0.7 per cent is available as
freshwater.

4. Sources Percentage
Oceans 97.0
Icecapsandglaciers 02.3
Groundwater 00.66
Lakesandpondsoffresh
water
00.009
Inlandseaandsalinelakes 00.008
Soilmoisture 00.005
Vapor 00.001
Riversandstreams 00.0001
Wecangettheideaaboutshareofvarioussources
ofwater:

5. Facts:
•Morethan3.4millionpeopledieeachyear
fromwater,sanitation,andhygiene-related
causes.Nearlyalldeaths,99percent,occurin
thedevelopingworld.
•AccordingtoWHO,diarrhoeaaloneclaims
thelivesof1.8millionpeopleeveryyear.
•About 12millions people getinfected by
typhoideveryyear.
•780millionpeoplelackaccesstoanimproved
water source; approximately oneinnine
people.
•Morepeoplehaveamobilephonethanatoilet.

6. •Thesediseasesarecausedbyconsumptionof
watercontaminatedbyhumanoranimal
excreta i.e.diarrhoea,cholera,typhoidand
gastro-enteritisetc.
•Thehuman andanimal excreta contain
variousdiseasecausingmicroorganismssuch
asbacteria,virus,wormsandamoebaetc.
Waterborne diseases

7. Water induced diseases/
Water related insect-vector diseases
•Thesearecausedbyinsects,especiallyflies
andmosquitoesthatbreedincontaminated
watersourcesandactasvectors(carriersof
microscopicpathogens).
•i.e.malaria, dengue,sleeping sickness
(Trypanosomiasi s),JEandyellowfeveretc.

8. •Thesearecausedbypoorpersonalhygiene
andskinoreyecontactwithcontaminated
water,e.g.trachoma(eyeinfections),fleaand
typhusetc.
Water-washed or water scarce diseases

9. Typhoid:
•Typhoidfeveriscausedby Salmonellatyphosa
bacteriabyingestingcontaminatedfoodand
water. Symptoms arecharacterized by
headache,nausea,lossofappetite.
•Itcanbepreventedbyprovidingaccesstosafe
drinkingwater,sanitationandgoodhygiene.
SomeexamplesofWaterbornediseases:

10. Cholera:
•Itishighlycontagiousdiseaseandcausedby
Vibriocholerae bacteria.
•Typicalsymptomsincludediarrhoea,vomiting,
rapiddehydration,muscularcrampsetc.
•Itcanbecontrolledbyearlydetectionofthe
disease, improving sanitation facilities and
prompttreatment.
•Tetracycline andCotrimoxozole should be
administeredasantibiotics

11. Diarrhoea:
•Itiscaused byviruses, bacteria,
protozoan and characterized by
dehydration.
•Thiscanbepreventedbysanitationand
goodhygiene.

12. SomeexamplesofWaterinduceddiseases
Malaria:
Itiscausedbyparasite, Plasmodium sp.andisnaturallytransmittedby
thebiteofafemale Anopheles mosquito.Whenamosquitobitesan
infectedperson,asmallamountofbloodistaken,whichcontainsmalaria
parasites.
Symptoms: Aftertransmission,themalariaparasitesstarttomultiply
withinredbloodcells,causingsymptomsthatincludefeverand
headache.Othersymptomsareperiodicfever,associatedwithshivering
andsweating, arthralgia (jointpain),vomiting,anemia(causedby
hemolysis ),retinaldamageetc.Feverisintermittentandoccursafter3or
4days.
Control: i.Destructionofmosquitoesbysprayingmosquitocides.
ii.Destructionofmosquitolarvaebylarvaecides.
iii.Eliminatingthebreedingplaceslikestagnantwater
body.
iv.Destructionoflarvaeandeggswiththehelpof
biologicalcontrol. e.g.fishesandsomeinsectlarvae.
Treatment: Anti-malarialdrugs-quinine,chloroquinineandcamoquinine.

13. •Dengue:
•Itistransmittedbythebiteofan Aedesaegypti mosquitoinfectedwithany
oneofthefourdengueviruses(Genus: Flavivirus ).Itoccursintropicalandsub-
tropicalareasoftheworld.Anestimated50to100millionpeoplecontact
dengueeachyearinover100countries.Thevirusisnotcontagiousandcannot
bespreaddirectlyfrompersontoperson.Theremustbeaperson-to-mosquito-
to-another-personpathway
Symptoms: Itappears3—14daysaftertheinfectivebite.Symptomsrange
fromamildfever,toincapacitatinghighfever,withsevereheadache,abdominal
pain,vomiting,bleeding,painbehindtheeyes,muscleandjointpain,andrash.
Control: i.Destructionofmosquitoesbysprayingmosquitocides.
ii.Destructionofmosquitolarvaebylarvicides.
iii.Eliminatingthebreedingplaceslikestagnantwaterbody.
iv.Destructionoflarvaeandeggswiththehelpofbiologicalcontrol.
e.g.fishes, some insect-i.e.Mesocyclops ,andbacteria-
Wolbachia.
Treatment: Therearenospecificantiviralmedicinesfordengue.Itisimportant
tomaintainhydration.Earlyclinicaldiagnosisandcarefulclinicalmanagement
byexperiencedphysiciansandnursesincreasesurvivalofpatients.Useof
acetylsalicylicacid(e.g.aspirin)andnonsteroidalanti-inflammatorydrugs(e.g.
Ibuprofen)isnotrecommended.

14. •Filaria(Filariasis):
Itiscausedbynematodes(worms),transmittedby
femalemosquito Culex.
Symptoms: Itsincludesswellinglegs,genitalsandit
disability.
Treatment: Antimony, andarsenic compounds
(arseenamide)cancuredisesase.