Statistical Methods for Research for Ms.pptx

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1. Statistical Methods for Research SJAU [email protected] [phone]/[phone] By: Dr. Atal Hameedi 10 .10.2024

2. Objectives SJAU

3. د کورس د ارزون ې پاليسي SJAU (%) فیصدي معلومات کورنۍ وظیفه 10 د موضوع په اړه ځانګړي موضوعاتو کې د پوسټ کولو یا تبصرې کولو له لارې بحثونو کې برخه اخستنه. همچنان ، د نوي مفاهیمو زده کولو وروسته بشپړ پوهه تثبیت کول، د پوښتنو ځوابونه او کورنۍ دند زده کونکو ته ورکول .   حاضری او کورنۍ دنده 10 اونیزه پوښتنی په عینی وخت کی ټولو زده کونکو ته ورکول . پوښتنې 10 لابراتوار او ساحوي پروژې زده کونکو ته ورکول . پروژه 20 د سمستر په ۸ مه اونۍ کې د منځنۍ دورې ازموینه ورکول کیږي . دمنځنۍ ازموینه 50 د سمستر له شپاړس اونیو وروسته به وروستۍ ازموینه ترسره شي . وروستۍ ازموينه 100 ټولې نمرې

4. SJAU Introduction Statistics has originated as a science of statehood. The word statistics seems to have been derived from Latin word Status or Italian word Statista or the German word Statistik or French word Statistique, each of which means a political state. Sir Ronald A. Fisher, (1890 – 1962), who called “the Father of Statistics”

5. SJAU Cont.. Statistics is the science which deal with the facts like, Collection of data Organization or Classification of data Presentation of data Analysis of data Interpretation of data Which are known as statistical methods.

6. SJAU Limitations of Statistics Statistics does not deal with individual items. Statistics deals with quantitative data only. Statistical laws are true only on averages. Statistical results are only approximately correct. Statistics is liable to be misused.

7. SJAU Functions of Statistics Statistics presents the facts in a definite form. Statistics simplifies and condenses the size of data. Statistics facilitates comparison. Statistics enriches our knowledge and widens our experience. Statistics helps in formulating policies. Statistics helps in business forecasting. Statistics helps in framing and testing hypothesis. Statistics help in valid inferences

8. SJAU Scope and importance Government Business Economics Science and social science. Research

9. SJAU Types of Statistics Theoretical Statistics Applied Statistics

10. SJAU Descriptive statistics The branch of statistics is devoted to the summarization and description of data (population or sample) is called descriptive statistics. Inferential Statistics The branch of statistics concerned with using sample data to make an inference about population of data is called inferential statistics.

11. Research SJAU Research is a process of systematic inquiry that entails collection of data; documentation of critical information; and analysis and interpretation of that data/information, in accordance with suitable methodologies set by specific professional fields and academic disciplines.

12. Research Methodology SJAU Research methodology is the specific procedures, methods or techniques used to identify, select, process, and analyze information about a topic. How was the data collected or generated? How was it analyzed?

13. SJAU Data All the observations that are related and form a set is called data. Latin word “Datum” to mean a fact. Data means collection of information for analysis and interpretation for pre-decided purposes.

14. SJAU Types of data Statistical data means collection of numbers on a well-defined problem. Collection of statistical data may be classified as primary data and secondary data. Primary Data: Secondary Data:

15. SJAU Classification of Data Geographical Chronological Quantitative Qualitative

16. Role of Computer in Statistics Computers play a crucial role in statistics, enhancing both the efficiency and effectiveness of data analysis. Here are several key applications of computers in the field of statistics: Data Collection and Storage : - Computers facilitate the collection of large datasets through surveys, experiments, and online platforms. - Databases allow for efficient storage, retrieval, and management of data. Data Cleaning and Preparation : - Software tools can automate the cleaning of data (removing duplicates, handling missing values) and transforming it into a suitable format for analysis. Statistical Analysis : - Computers enable complex statistical analyses that would be impractical by hand. This includes: Descriptive statistics (mean, median, mode, standard deviation) Inferential statistics (hypothesis testing, confidence intervals) Regression analysis (linear, logistic, multiple regression) Multivariate analysis (factor analysis, cluster analysis ) SJAU

17. Cont.. Visualization : - Computers enable the creation of graphs, charts, and infographics that help in understanding data trends and patterns. Predictive Analytics : - Computers are integral to implementing predictions based on statistical patterns. SJAU

18. Cont … Statistical Software : - There are numerous statistical software packages (e.g., R, SAS, SPSS, Python libraries) that provide built-in functions for various statistical analyses, making it easier to perform complex calculations and analyses. Collaboration and Sharing : - Computers facilitate collaboration among statisticians and researchers through cloud computing and online platforms, and analysis of data. Reproducibility and Documentation : - Statistical analyses can be documented and shared in a reproducible manner using scripts and notebooks.