Steeling the show - Sheffield Metallurgical & Engineering Association 2024 Lecture

2024 SMEA lecture

1. Steeling the show www.phase-trans.msm.cam.ac.uk “from the workshop of Charles Sansbury ”

2. Scottish folklore ... hiding in a chamber fortified with sacred steel impenetrable by human forces ... Mihari Gregor (public domain, by Annibale Caracci ) BBC Ironbridge© Cambridge quantum computing

3. Robert Hooke, Micrographia , 1665 Sche:VII

4. crystalline amorphous NASA image S72-552082

5. Pure iron Waugh

6. most powerful, tallest rocket ever built Starship images, information, courtesy of SpaceX, Charles Kuehmann

7. With solutes, thousands of crystal structures & arrays possible in iron systems. Crystals can be manipulated. Makes iron the 2 nd most used material on Earth.

8. Pure iron Hammond

9. Fe-25Mn-5.2Si wt % Yang, Jang, Bhadeshia , Suh Calphad 36 (2012) 16

10. single lump of material Koichi Tsuchiya

11. Petrov nad Desnou (113-years), Czechia Vůjtěch J, Ryjáček P, Matos JC, Ghafoori E. Engineering Structures. 248 (2021) 113231.

12. J. H. Pak, D. W. Suh, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia Metall. & Mater. Trans A 43 (2012) 4520 Real time | | 50 µm

13. Fe-0.2C-2Si-3Mn wt % Fe-0.4C-2Si-4Ni

14. carbide-free bainitic rail Kevin Sawley : 90 million gross tonnes of traffic on curve November 2019: 1 billion gross tonnes of traffic achieved, without need for grinding Pascal Secordel ( Francerail ), Jay Jaiswal ( Arrail ) April 2020

15. “Bainitic low fatigue” (BLF) is mandated for all new French TGV high-speed moveable points.

16. Versatile 2104

17. Aircraft engines

18. Two intermetallic compounds on a fine scale

19. Paul Hill, Rolls-Royce

20. no challenger to steel photograph by Nathanael Callon , public domain, adapted

21. Sinter plant at CBMM

22. Ordinary steel: 363,000 kg required Microalloyed steel: 284,000 kg required 130,000 kg less CO 2

23. Fishing with dynamite Indonesian waters

24. The Ocean Agency

25. TAX Solve problem in 4 years Cut steel consumption by 25% Electric cars

26. Brenner:1956 Single crystals of iron Strength and size go together

27. Strength of perfect graphene samples approximately (2 µm) 2 Steel crystal along weak direction, 2 µm = 14.5 GPa

28. data from Pan et al . 1999, Yu et al . 2000

29. Pure iron crystals Apollo 15 mission ~3 µm in size in cavity in silica rock condensed from vapour NASA image S72-55208, catalogued 10th November 1972

30. {229} moon crystals Knowles KM, Bhadeshia HK. Journal of Crystal Growth. 617 (2023) 127257

31. images courtesy of Jonathan Zimmerman, Eugen Rabkin details: Scripta Materialia 252 (2024) 116248. tiny Pt single-crystals

32. High-C martensite: strong, brittle, must be tempered

33. martensite Chatterjee & Bhadeshia

34. Cracking of high-carbon martensite plates Fe-1C-1.5Si-2Mn-1.3Cr-0.25Mo wt % Chatterjee & Bhadeshia Mat. Sci. Techn . 22 (2006) 645

35. Sourabh Kundu Chintha et al. Wear 428-429 (2019) 430-437

36. Saurabh Kundu thousands of orientations in single austenite grain only 24 orientations in single austenite grain

37. Tata Steel

38. High speed video V = 445 m s -1 Survival Vikram Deshpande , Mathew Peet

39. Impact tumbler testing Movie courtesy of K. Valtonen, V.-T. Kuokkala

40. bhadeshia123 www.phase-trans.msm.cam.ac.uk Oct 2024