Stem cell introduction By; Dr. Mohamed Salem

Embark on a journey into the realm of stem cell science and unlock its potential for revolutionizing medicine. From understanding the diverse types of stem cells and mastering techniques for isolation and culture, to exploring their transformative therapeutic applications, this presentation offers a comprehensive introduction to the world of stem cells. Delve deeper into the enigma of cancer stem cells, unravelling their notorious role in malignancy and the latest breakthroughs in developing targeted therapies. Join us as we uncover the promise and peril of stem cells, paving the way for groundbreaking advancements in healthcare."

1. I ntroduction to stem cells By: Mohamed Salem Zoology special 3 rd level

2. Agenda:

3. Totipotent stem cell: The cells that can form all cell types in the body including the extraembryonic cells(as in the placenta) Found in early stages of embryonic development(within the 1st couple of cell division after fertilization) Can even give rise to an entire, complete organism if allowed to divide more.

4. Pluripotent stem cell : slightly more specialized. can form all cell types in the body (excluding the extraembryonic) cells. Embryonic stem cells can be considered as pluripotent.

5. Multipotent stem cell: Further down on the specialization spectrum Can develop more than cell type but limited than pluripotent. Adult stem cells are considered as multipotent

6. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) They are an engineered type of stem cell population. They originate from adult somatic cells (such as keratinocytes, fibroblasts, lymphocytes, or hepatocytes) that are de-differentiated through the application of a cocktail of transcription factors, such as Oct-3, Oct-4, Sox2, c- Myc , and KLF4. When a patient’s somatic cells are harvested, reprogrammed, and become iPSCs, little to no immunogenicity has been found. However, some potential for genetic instability and tumorigenicity has been observed, though ongoing work attempts to improve these risks.

7. Therapeutic uses of stem cells

8. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) Stem cells that give rise to the lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system, also make blood cells are called hematopoietic stem cells. It’s usually derived from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood. They are used in: Treatment of leukemia and sickle cell anemia. Providing a functional immune system in a person with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Restoring the haematopoietic system.

9. Stem cells in treating baldness Hair follicles contain stem cells at the dermal papilla . Take stem cells from existing hair follicles. Multiply them in cultures. Implant the new follicles into the scalp.

10. Cancer stem cells have been defined as “ a small population of cells within tumors with the exclusive ability of self-renewal, differentiation, and tumorigenicity ’. Cancer Stem Cell

11. Normal stem cells typically divide slowly but retain the capacity for limitless self renewal. Asymmetric division of a stem cell produces one daughter stem cell and one committed progenitor (or transit-amplifying) cell that undergoes a limited series of divisions. The progeny of this transit-amplifying cell differentiate, producing a particular tissue. The cancer stem cell could produce transformed progenitors, whose progeny consequently fail to differentiate normally, or exhibit normal growth controls, resulting in tumor formation. Whereas the transformed cancer stem cell retains the property of self renewal and can produce new tumors. Normal and Cancer Cells

12. The development of future cancer treatment strategies Cancer Stem Cells Inhibiting ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters Intervening signaling pathways Destroying microenvironment Targeting surface markers