Stephen Hawking- a short history of his life

Prezentare in limba engleza realizata de elevii cls. IXG Fekete Raluca-Maria, Mulea Bianca , Plămadă Ana-Maria,Vlad Anca
Prezentare multimedia realizata in cadrul Concursului Stiintific National de Astronomie- editia 2015
"Nicolaus Copernic"
Colegiul National "Horea, Closca si Crisan " Alba Iulia, Jud. Alba

1. Stephen HawkingStephen Hawking
A brief history of his life.A brief history of his life.

2. The BeginningThe Beginning
The eldest of Frank and Isobel The eldest of Frank and Isobel
Hawking's four children, Stephen William Hawking's four children, Stephen William
Hawking was born on the 300th Hawking was born on the 300th
anniversary of the death of Galileo—long anniversary of the death of Galileo—long
a source of pride for the noted physicist—a source of pride for the noted physicist—
on January 8, 1942. He was born in on January 8, 1942. He was born in
Oxford, England, into a family of Oxford, England, into a family of
thinkers. His Scottish mother had earned thinkers. His Scottish mother had earned
her way into Oxford University in the her way into Oxford University in the
1930s—a time when few women were able 1930s—a time when few women were able
to go to college. His father, another to go to college. His father, another
Oxford graduate, was a respected medical Oxford graduate, was a respected medical
researcher with a specialty in tropical researcher with a specialty in tropical
diseases.diseases.
The Hawkings would go on to have two The Hawkings would go on to have two
other children, Mary (1943) and Philippa other children, Mary (1943) and Philippa
(1947). And their second son, Edward, (1947). And their second son, Edward,
was adopted in 1956. was adopted in 1956.

3. At the age of eleven, Stephen At the age of eleven, Stephen
went to St. Albans School and went to St. Albans School and
then on to University College, then on to University College,
Oxford, his father's old college. Oxford, his father's old college.
Stephen wanted to study Stephen wanted to study
Mathematics, although his father Mathematics, although his father
would have preferred medicine. would have preferred medicine.
Mathematics was not available at Mathematics was not available at
University College, so he pursued University College, so he pursued
Physics instead. After three years Physics instead. After three years
and not very much work, he was and not very much work, he was
awarded a first class honours awarded a first class honours
degree in Natural Science. degree in Natural Science.

4. His debut at the Cambridge His debut at the Cambridge
UniversityUniversity
Stephen then went on to Cambridge to do research Stephen then went on to Cambridge to do research
in Cosmology, there being no one working in that area in in Cosmology, there being no one working in that area in
Oxford at the time. His supervisor was Denis Oxford at the time. His supervisor was Denis
Sciama, although he had hoped to get Fred Hoyle who Sciama, although he had hoped to get Fred Hoyle who
was working in Cambridge. After gaining his Ph.D. he was working in Cambridge. After gaining his Ph.D. he
became first a Research Fellow and later on a became first a Research Fellow and later on a
Professorial Fellow at Gonville and Caius College. After Professorial Fellow at Gonville and Caius College. After
leaving the Institute of Astronomy in 1973, Stephen came leaving the Institute of Astronomy in 1973, Stephen came
to the Department of Applied Mathematics and to the Department of Applied Mathematics and
Theoretical Physics in 1979, and held the post of Theoretical Physics in 1979, and held the post of
Lucasian Professor of Mathematics from 1979 until Lucasian Professor of Mathematics from 1979 until
2009. Stephen is still an active part of Cambridge 2009. Stephen is still an active part of Cambridge
University and retains an office at the Department for University and retains an office at the Department for
Applied Maths and Theoretical Physics. His title is now Applied Maths and Theoretical Physics. His title is now
the Dennis Stanton Avery and Sally Tsui Wong-the Dennis Stanton Avery and Sally Tsui Wong-
Avery Director of Research at the Department of Applied Avery Director of Research at the Department of Applied
Mathematics and Theoretical Physics. Mathematics and Theoretical Physics.

5. His IllnessHis Illness
Stephen was diagnosed with Stephen was diagnosed with
ALS shortly after his 21st birthday, a ALS shortly after his 21st birthday, a
type of motor neurone disease which type of motor neurone disease which
would eventually cost him almost all would eventually cost him almost all
neuromuscular control. Although neuromuscular control. Although
doctors predicted (incorrectly, as it doctors predicted (incorrectly, as it
turned out) that Hawking would not turned out) that Hawking would not
survive more than two or three years, survive more than two or three years,
he did gradually lose the use of his he did gradually lose the use of his
arms, legs and voice, until he was arms, legs and voice, until he was
almost completely paralysed and almost completely paralysed and
quadriplegic. quadriplegic.
In spite of being wheelchair bound In spite of being wheelchair bound
and dependent on a computerised and dependent on a computerised
voice system for communication voice system for communication
Stephen Hawking continues Stephen Hawking continues
to combine family life (he has three to combine family life (he has three
children and three grandchildren), and children and three grandchildren), and
his research into theoretical physics his research into theoretical physics
together with an extensive programme together with an extensive programme
of travel and public lectures. of travel and public lectures.

6. His Theories
Stephen Hawking has worked on the basic laws which
govern the universe. With Roger Penrose he showed that
Einstein's General Theory of Relativity implied space and
time would have a beginning in the Big Bang and an end
in black holes.
In the late 1960s, he and his Cambridge friend and
colleague, Roger Penrose, applied a new, complex
mathematical model they had created from Albert
Einstein's General Theory of Relativity which led, in
1970, to Hawking proving the first of
many singularity theorems. This theorem provided a set
of sufficient conditions for the existence of
a singularity in space-time, and also implied that space
and time would indeed have had a beginning in a Big
Bang event, and would end in black holes. In effect, he
had reversed Penrose's idea that the creation of a black
hole would necessarily lead to a singularity, proving that
it was a singularity that led to the creation of the
Universe itself.

7. In collaboration with Brandon Carter, Werner Israel and David
Robinson, he provided a mathematical proof of John Wheeler's so-called
"No-Hair Theorem", that any black hole is fully described by the three
properties of mass, angular momentum and electric charge, and
proposed the four laws of black hole mechanics, similar to the
four classical Laws of Thermodynamics. From analysis of gamma
rayemissions, he also suggested that primordial or “mini black holes”
would have been formed after the Big Bang.
In 1974, Hawking and Jacob Bekenstein showed that black
holes are not actually completely black, but that they should thermally
create and emit sub-atomic particles, known today as Hawking
radiation, until they eventually exhaust their energy and evaporate. This
also resulted in the so-called “Information Paradox” or “Hawking
Paradox”, whereby physical information (which roughly means the
distinct identity and properties of particles) appears to be completely
lost to the universe, in contravention of the accepted laws of physics.
Hawking defended this paradox against the arguments of Leonard
Susskind and others for thirty years, until famously retracting his claim
in 2004.

8. AwardsAwards
Professor Hawking has twelve Professor Hawking has twelve
honorary degrees. He was awarded the CBE honorary degrees. He was awarded the CBE
in 1982, and was made a Companion of in 1982, and was made a Companion of
Honour in 1989. He is the recipient of many Honour in 1989. He is the recipient of many
awards, medals and prizes, is a Fellow of awards, medals and prizes, is a Fellow of
The Royal Society and a Member of the US The Royal Society and a Member of the US
National Academy of Sciences. Stephen National Academy of Sciences. Stephen
Hawking has won many awards and honors Hawking has won many awards and honors
such as Pius XI gold medal for science.such as Pius XI gold medal for science.
He has also won the Albert Einstein He has also won the Albert Einstein
medal. Stephen Hawking was awarded medal. Stephen Hawking was awarded
Order of the British Empire by Queen Order of the British Empire by Queen
Elizabeth the II in person. So he is Sir Elizabeth the II in person. So he is Sir
Stephen Hawking. Stephen Hawking.
Stephen Hawking has won the Stephen Hawking has won the
Presidential Medal of Freedom from Presidential Medal of Freedom from
President Barack Obama.President Barack Obama.

9. Family Life
When Hawking was a graduate
student at Cambridge, his relationship
with a friend of his sister, Jane Wilde,
whom he had met shortly before his
diagnosis with motor neurone disease,
continued to develop. The couple became
engaged in October 1964 — Hawking
later said that the engagement gave him
"something to live for" — and the two
were married on 14 July 1965.
By December 1977, Jane had met By December 1977, Jane had met
organist Jonathan Hellyer Jones when organist Jonathan Hellyer Jones when
singing in a church choir. Hellyer Jones singing in a church choir. Hellyer Jones
became close to the Hawking family, and became close to the Hawking family, and
by the mid-1980s, he and Jane had by the mid-1980s, he and Jane had
developed romantic feelings for each developed romantic feelings for each
other According to Jane, her husband other According to Jane, her husband
was accepting of the situation, stating "he was accepting of the situation, stating "he
would not object so long as I continued to would not object so long as I continued to
love him."[ Jane and Hellyer Jones love him."[ Jane and Hellyer Jones
determined not to break up the family determined not to break up the family
and their relationship remained platonic and their relationship remained platonic
for a long period.for a long period.

10. In the late 1980s Hawking had grown close to one of his nurses, Elaine Mason, to
the dismay of some colleagues, caregivers and family members who were disturbed by
her strength of personality and protectiveness. Hawking told Jane that he was leaving
her for Mason and departed the family home in February 1990. After his divorce from
Jane in the spring of 1995, Hawking married Mason in September,declaring "It's
wonderful — I have married the woman I love."

11. A Brief History of Time
A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black
Holes is a 1988 popular-science book by British physicist Stephen 
Hawking. It became a bestseller and sold more than 10 million 
copies in 20 years. It was also on the London Sunday Times
bestseller list for more than four years and was translated into 35 
languages by 2001.
          Hawking attempts to explain a range of subjects in cosmology, 
including the big bang, black holes and light cones, to the 
nonspecialist reader. His main goal is to give an overview of the 
subject, but he also attempts to explain some complex mathematics. 
In the 1996 edition of the book and subsequent editions, Hawking 
discusses the possibility of time travel and wormholes and explores 
the possibility of having a universe without a quantum singularity at 
the beginning of time.

12.                       Early in 1983, Hawking first Early in 1983, Hawking first 
approached Simon Mitton, the editor in approached Simon Mitton, the editor in 
charge of astronomy books charge of astronomy books 
at Cambridge University Press, with his at Cambridge University Press, with his 
ideas for a popular book on cosmology. ideas for a popular book on cosmology. 
Mitton was doubtful about all the Mitton was doubtful about all the 
equations in the draft manuscript, equations in the draft manuscript, 
which he felt would put off the buyers in which he felt would put off the buyers in 
airport bookshops that Hawking wished airport bookshops that Hawking wished 
to reach. With some difficulty, he to reach. With some difficulty, he 
persuaded Hawking to drop all but one persuaded Hawking to drop all but one 
equation. The author himself notes in equation. The author himself notes in 
the book's acknowledgements that he the book's acknowledgements that he 
was warned that for every equation in was warned that for every equation in 
the book, the readership would be the book, the readership would be 
halved, hence it includes only a single halved, hence it includes only a single 
equation: equation: EE =  = mcmc2. The book does 2. The book does 
employ a number of complex models, employ a number of complex models, 
diagrams, and other illustrations to diagrams, and other illustrations to 
detail some of the concepts it exploresdetail some of the concepts it explores. .

13. The Theory of Everything
Cambridge University astrophysics student Stephen 
Hawking (Eddie Redmayne) begins a relationship with literature 
student Jane Wilde (Felicity Jones). Although Stephen excels at 
mathematics and physics, his friends and professors are concerned 
over his lack of thesis topic. After Stephen and his professor Dennis 
Sciama (David Thewlis) attend a lecture on black holes, Stephen 
speculates that black holes may have been part of the creation of the 
universe and decides to write his thesis on time.
While pursuing his research, Stephen's muscles begin to fail, 
eventually causing him to fall and hit his head. He learns he has 
motor neuron disease; he will be unable to talk, swallow, or move 
most of his body, and has approximately two years to live. As Stephen 
becomes reclusive, focusing on his work, Jane confesses her love to 
him. She tells Stephen's father she intends to stay with Stephen even 
as his condition worsens. They marry and have a son.
       Stephen presents his thesis to the examination board, arguing 
that a black hole created the universe; they tell him his theory is 
brilliant. While celebrating with Jane and his friends, Stephen 
realises he cannot walk and begins using a wheelchair.

14. After having a second child, a daughter, Stephen develops a 
theory about the visibility of black holes and becomes a world-
renowned physicist. While focusing on the children, Stephen's 
health and his increasing fame, Jane is unable to work on her own 
thesis and is frustrated; Stephen tells her he understands if she 
needs help. She joins the church choir, where she meets widower 
Jonathan (Charlie Cox). She and Jonathan become close friends, 
and she employs him as a piano teacher for her son. Jonathan 
befriends the entire family, helping Stephen with his illness, 
supporting Jane, and playing with the children.
When Jane gives birth to another son, Stephen's mother asks 
Jane if the baby is Jonathan's. Jane is appalled; seeing that 
Jonathan overheard the conversation, when they are alone they 
admit their feelings for one another. Jonathan stays away from the 
family, but Stephen visits him, saying that Jane needs him.
             While Jane and Jonathan take the children camping, Stephen is 
invited to a concert in Bordeaux and contracts pneumonia. In 
hospital, the doctors tell Jane that Stephen needs a tracheotomy, 
which will leave him unable to speak. She agrees to the surgery.

15.  Stephen learns to use a spelling board and uses it to communicate 
with Elaine, his new nurse (Maxine Peake). He receives a computer with a 
built-in voice synthesiser, and uses it to write a book, A Brief History of
Time, which becomes an international best-seller.
             Stephen tells Jane that he has been invited to America to accept an 
award and will be taking Elaine with him. Jane and Stephen agree to 
divorce. Stephen goes to the lecture with Elaine, the two having fallen in 
love, and Jane and Jonathan reunite. At the lecture, Stephen sees a student 
drop a pen; he imagines getting up to return it, almost crying at the 
reminder of how his disease has affected him, and gives an inspiring 
speech about human endeavour. Stephen invites Jane to meet 
the Queen with him; they share a happy day together with their children 
with Stephen saying "Look what we made".

17. Made by:
Fekete Raluca-MariaFekete Raluca-Maria
Mulea Bianca Mulea Bianca
Plămadă Ana-MariaPlămadă Ana-Maria
Vlad AncaVlad Anca
Class 9 G, social science profileClass 9 G, social science profile
Colegiul National “Horea, Closca si Crisan”Colegiul National “Horea, Closca si Crisan”
Alba Iulia, Alba countyAlba Iulia, Alba county

18. Bibliography:Bibliography:
http://www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/scientists_hawking.htmlhttp://www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/scientists_hawking.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#Primary_and_secondaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#Primary_and_secondary
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#Marriageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#Marriages
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Theory_of_Everything_%282014_filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Theory_of_Everything_%282014_film
%29#Plot%29#Plot