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1. STERILIZATION Dr.Gyandev singh, Assistant professor, VCC, BVC,Patna-14

2. Sterilization in dog - Sterilization is a surgical procedure in which a part of dogs reproductive organ is removed to permanently stop it from reproducing . The term castration can be used to removal of testicle or removal of the ovaries. but in common usage the term is confined only to removal of testicle. Term spaying or oopherectomy is used to removal of ovaries.( ovariotomy is used for removal of diseased ovaries rather than normal ovaries)

3. CASTRATION- INDICATION – Prevention of breeding nuisance . To make the animal more domesticated . In enlarged prostate . Perineal hernia Neoplastic growth or crushing injuries affecting the testicle

4. castration in dog – also called ORCHIECTOMY,TESTECTOMY,NEUTERING. Castration age in dog- usually after sexual maturity; 9 to 12 months Site of operation- pre scrotal region Longitudinal incision on the ventral aspect of scrotum, lateral and parallel to the median raphe on either side.

5. Surgical anatomy- BLOOD SUPPLY-spermatic vessels,external pudic vessel NERVE SUPPLY-Spermatic nerve ,branches of the 2 nd and 3 rd lumbar spinal nerve.

6. Surgical technique- Open method used –open uncovered method -open covered method in the open covered method the tunica vaginalis is not incised; the testis and spermatic cord are pulled out along with tunica vaginalis . ANAEESTHESIA- 1.Preanesthetics; Atropine$ Glycopyrolate 2.sedatives ; xylazine 3.inhalant or injectable; isoflurane , sevoflurane , ketamine prpofol etc used for control and anaesthesia .

7. Complication of castration- Haemorrhage Pain Self trauma Swelling at the incision site or scrotum

8. OVARIOHYSTERECTOMY- An OH is the surgical removal of the female reproductive organs .the operation removes the two ovaries ,the uterine horns and the body of the uterus.

9. Indication - Prevent pregnancy To avoid heat cycle Remove cancerous female reproductive organ Remove the possibility of a severe infection like pyometra , ovarian cyst,uterine torsion,uterine prolapse. Reduce the future risk of developing mammary cancer.

10. Age of OH in bitch – Age for spaying is around 6 months;either before or after their first estrus. SITE OF OPRATION- Midline approach-ventral midline incision about 2 cm posterior to umbilicus. Flank approach –oblique incision in right mid flank.

11. SURGICAL ANATOMY-

12. Arteries and veins in genital tract of bitch Uterine irrigation

13. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE- Bitch is restrained in dorsal recumbency About 1-2 inch long incision is made 2inch posterior to umbilicus. The incision is extended deep upto peritoneum. uterine horn is grasped With thumb forceps and followed up to the ovary The anterior ovarian ligament is cut and the anterior utero –ovarian vessels are ligated.

14. The ovarian bursa is cut and the ovary is disconnected from its anterior attachment. The posterior uterine artery are ligated and cut in level with cervix. The broad ligament of uterus is torn o liberate the horn of the uterus. Three artery forceps and ligature are applied anerior to the cervix and uterus is disconnected. Incision is closed.

15. Complication - General viz evisceration ,abdominal herniation, suppuration from the cutaneous wound ,peritonitis Specific like haemorrhage at the level of ovarian pedicle,broad ligament, uterine cervix. Abscess Recurrence of metritis etc

16. Important points about OH- After an ovariectomy bitches tend to put on wt 10kg after 90 days. The metabolism of the bitches falls from 37 to 33 kcal/ day,it is important to reduce the daily ration by 10 %.

17. THANKU