Sterilization of medical instruments (radiation)

1. STERILIZATION of MEDICAL SURGICAL INSTRUMENT MAZIYATULKARIMAH MASRUR NUR SYAHIRAH BINTI ISA

2. INTRODUCTION Sterilization - terminates or kills all kinds of microbial life Why do we need that? Because if we do not take care of it properly, it may harm patient who use the instrument

3. Why using radiation? Radiation is the only way which it can penetrate into the instrument It also can kills germs or any microbial life in the instruments. If we use other ways(heating, filtering etc.) it only kills microbial life on the surface only Safe cheaper

4. Example of surgical instruments

5. TYPES OF RADIATION 1. NON IONIZING RADIATION UV light 2. IONIZING RADIATIONS -Gamma rays -Electron beam -X-rays

6. Mechanism of the sterilization It damages the cell’s chromosome Radiation penetrate, it ionized molecule Free radicals will form and it made inside a cell’s nucleus It causes damage to DNA structure When DNA structure is broken, the cell cannot function properly It will become cell death (sterilization)

7. How they do it? 1) sealing the instruments in a clean and air-tight bag 2) placed it in a field of radiation 3) the radiation will kills the bacteria 4) instruments are under ‘sterilization’ condition until it is opened.

8. How to choose types of radiation?

9. ADVANTAGES UV ray No degradation of media during sterilization, thus it can be used for thermally labile media. Leaves no chemical residue. Administration of precise dosage and uniform dosage distribution. Immediate availability of the media after sterilization.

10. Gamma Radiation Simple process: The only parameter to control is exposure time, which in turn controls the radiation dose delivered to the product. Excellent penetration: Gamma rays readily penetrate dense or complex products. Electron Beam Radiation Rapid. Can be done as end of the production process. Less material degradation: Some radiation sensitive materials degrade less with E-beam than if gamma sterilized.

11. DISADVANTAGES UV ray • This method is a more costly alternative to heat sterilization and it requires highly specialized equipment • Dangerous to humans; causes skin burns and damages eyes Gamma Radiation • Limited applicability to kits: It cannot be used for kits or complex products containing any component that is incompatible with or not approved for radiation sterilization (such as some drug products). • Material degradation: A few materials degrade after terminal sterilization radiation dosing –properties, brittle. E-Beam Radiation • Limited penetration: It is often not appropriate for dense or complex products. • Sensitive to product configuration: Various densities in a product can affect dose distribution. Extensive dose mapping is often required.

12. CONCLUSION • Sterilization process is the process to eliminate or kill the germs and other microbial life • There are two types of radiation sterilization, which are : Ionizing (gamma ray, x-ray and e-beam) Non-ionizing (UV ray) • In sterilization process, it is more prefer use Gamma ray than UV ray. But E-beam is one of the safe method.