Stomach cancer

stomach cancer is the common melignancy in male and female can leads to death of patient this ppt help in knowing the condition and its management and help nurses for their knowledge, to improve academic performance and application in their clinical practice

1. STOMACH CANCER

2. Introduction Stomach cancer is an abnormal growth of cells that begins in the stomach. The stomach is a muscular sac located in the upper middle of abdomen, just below ribs. stomach receives and holds the food eat and then helps to break down and digest it.

3. The Stomach Hollow organ in the upper abdomen, under the ribs 5 layers: Inner layer – where most stomach cancer begins Submucosa – support tissue for the inner layer Muscle layer – create a rippling motion that mixes and mashes food Subserosa – support tissue for the outer layer Outer layer (serosa) – covers the stomach and hold it in place

4. Benign Tumors Are not cancer Not life-threatening Can be removed and usually do not grow back Cells do not invade the tissues around them Cells do not spread to other parts of the body

5. Malignant Tumors Are cancer Generally more serious than benign tumors May be life-threatening Often can be removed but sometimes grow back Cells can invade and damage nearby tissues and organs Can spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body

6. Stomach Cancer Can affect nearby organs and lymph nodes Stomach tumor can grow through stomach’s outer layer into nearby organs (such as the pancreas, esophagus or intestine) Can spread through the blood to the liver, lungs and other organs Can also spread through the lymphatic system to lymph nodes all over the body

7. Stomach Cancer

8. Risk Factors          Exact causes unknown Age – most are age 72 or older Sex – men most likely than women Race – more common in Asian, Pacific Islander, Hispanic and African-Americans Diet – diet high in foods that are smoked, salted or pickled Helicobacter pylori infection – raises risk of stomach inflammation and stomach ulcers Smoking – people who smoke more at risk Certain health problems: stomach surgery, chronic gastritis, pernicious anemia. Family history – rare type of stomach cancer runs in some families

9. Gastroesophageal reflux disease Obesity Long term stomach inflammation (gastritis) Stomach polyps

10. Stages of Stomach Cancer Stage 0 – cancer found only in the inner layer of the stomach Stage 1 Tumor invaded only the submucosa – cancer cells may be found in up to 6 lymph nodes Tumor invaded the muscle layer or the subserosa Cancer cells have not spread to lymph nodes or other organs

11. Stages of Stomach Cancer Stage II Tumor has invaded only the submucosa – cancer cells have spread to 7-15 lymph nodes Tumor has invaded the muscle layer or subserosa – cancer cells have spread to 1-6 lymph nodes Tumor has penetrated outer layer of the stomach Cancer cells have not spread to lymph nodes or other organs

12. Stages of Stomach Cancer Stage III Tumor has invaded the muscle layer or subserosa – 7-15 lymph nodes or Tumor has penetrated the outer layer – 1-15 lymph nodes Tumor has invaded nearby organs, such as the liver or spleen Cancer cells have not spread to lymph nodes or distant organs

13. Stages of Stomach Cancer Stage IV Cancer cells have spread to more than 15 lymph nodes or Tumor has invaded nearby organs and at least 1 lymph node Cancer cells have spread to distant organs Recurrent cancer Has come back May recur in the stomach or in another part

14. Sympt o ms Early stomach cancer – no clear symptoms Discomfort in the stomach area Feeling full or bloated after a small meal Nausea and vomiting Weight loss Other health problems, such as ulcer or infection, can cause the same symptoms.

15. Difficulty swallowing Heart burn Indigestion Stomach pain

16. D i ag n o s i s Personal and family health history Physical exam – checks abdomen for fluid, swelling or other changes Upper GI series – x-rays of esophagus and stomach (barium meal/sallow) Endoscopy – use of a thin, lighted tube (endoscope) to look into the stomach Biopsy – checks tissue sample under a microscope for cancer cells

17. Other Tests Blood tests – CBC to check for anemia and how the liver is working Chest x-ray – checks for tumors in the lungs CT scan – detailed pictures of the organs Endoscopic ultrasound Laparoscopy – small incisions in the abdomen. The surgeon may remove lymph nodes or take tissue samples for biopsy.

18. T r e atme n t Local therapy - removes or destroys cancer in or near the stomach Surgery – either partial or total gastrectomy Radiation – uses high energy rays to kill cancer cells Systemic therapy – the drug enters the bloodstream and destroys or controls cancer throughout the body Chemotherapy – uses anticancer drugs

19. T r e atme n t Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) Acupuncture Massage therapy Herbal products Vitamins or special diets Visualization Meditation Spiritual healing

20. Surgery The goal of surgery is to remove all of the cancer and some of the healthy tissue around it. Operations used for stomach cancer include: Removing early-stage tumors from the stomach lining.  Very small cancers limited to the inside lining of the stomach may be removed by passing special tools through an endoscope. Procedures to cut away cancer from the inside lining of the stomach include endoscopic mucosal resection and endoscopic submucosal resection.

21. Removing part of the stomach (subtotal gastrectomy ).  During subtotal gastrectomy , the removal the part of the stomach affected by cancer and some of the healthy tissue around it. This operation may be an option if stomach cancer is located in the part of the stomach nearest the small intestine.

22. Removing the entire stomach (total gastrectomy ).  Total gastrectomy involves removing the entire stomach and some surrounding tissue. The esophagus is then connected directly to the small intestine to allow food to move through digestive system. Total gastrectomy is used most often for stomach cancers that affect the body of the stomach and those that are located in the gastroesophageal junction.

23. Nursing Management Discuss situation and provide information about all procedures and treatment. Help client talk about feelings or concerns about illness. Discuss current and planned treatment measures. Stress the importance of completing the prescribed treatments. Discuss stress reduction techniques and refer for stress reduction counseling or workshops as indicated. Help arrange meeting with social worker, counselor or member of the clergy if needed.

24. Prevention To reduce the risk of stomach cancer, you can: Maintain a healthy weight.  If person overweight or obese, talk to doctor about strategies to help lose weight. Aim for a slow and steady weight loss of 1 or 2 pounds a week. Choose a diet full of fruits and vegetables.  Try to incorporate more fruits and vegetables into diet each day. Choose a wide variety of colorful fruits and vegetables.

25. Reduce the amount of salty and smoked foods you eat.  Protect stomach by limiting these foods. Stop smoking.  If person smoke, quit. If don't smoke, don't start. Smoking increases your risk of stomach cancer, as well as many other types of cancer. Quitting smoking can be very difficult, so ask doctor for help.